Hadron Spectra from High Energy Proton Proton Interactions

It is proposed to measure the hadron spectra resulting from high energy proton-proton collisions using a single arm focusing spectrometer. These measurements will provide elastic and inelastic P-P cross sections for incident beam energies up to 200 GeV/c and for momentum transfers |t| from 0.01 up to about 10 to 15 (BeV/c){sup 2}. In addition, they will obtain yields of pions and kaons produced in the interactions

Multiwavelength studies of MHD waves in the solar chromosphere: An overview of recent results

The chromosphere is a thin layer of the solar atmosphere that bridges the relatively cool photosphere and the intensely heated transition region and corona. Compressible and incompressible waves propagating through the chromosphere can supply significant amounts of energy to the interface region and corona. In recent years an abundance of high-resolution observations from state-of-the-art facilities have provided new and exciting ways of disentangling the characteristics of oscillatory phenomena propagating through the dynamic chromosphere. Coupled with rapid advancements in magnetohydrodynamic wave theory, we are now in an ideal position to thoroughly investigate the role waves play in supplying energy to sustain chromospheric and coronal heating. Here, we review the recent progress made in characterising, categorising and interpreting oscillations manifesting in the solar chromosphere, with an impetus placed on their intrinsic energetics.Comment: 48 pages, 25 figures, accepted into Space Science Review

Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo

The relativistic heavy ion collider project at Brookhaven

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) facility will provide collision energies of 100 GeV/nucleon per beam for heavy ions as massive as gold. RHIC will use the existing Brookhaven AGS and Tandem Van de Graaff as injector. The new accelerator facility, which is a nuclear physics initiative, will utilize the existing facilities of the partially completed CBA project. This report discusses the physics motivation for such a facility, the status of the machine design, R and D work and preparations for experiments at RHIC

Dynamic respiratory endoscopy without a treadmill: Initial experiences

There are potential advantages to imaging the upper portion of the respiratory tract (URT) of horses during ridden exercise within their normal environment. With the advent of a wireless endoscope, this is now possible. The following article describes initial experiences using the dynamic respiratory endoscope (DRS) on horses presented for the investigation of poor performance or abnormal respiratory noise and suggests that this technique can be used to diagnose common causes of URT associated with poor performance in horses during normal training. This has substantial Implications for future clinical diagnosis, treatment of URT pathology and equine welfar

Fractionation of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in sulfate by soil sorption.

Both field and laboratory data indicate that there is no significant isotope fractionation of sulfate during sorption in upland forest Podzols. The dominant sulfate sorption process in these soils is adsorption onto mineral surfaces. In the Plastic Lake watershed, Dorset, Ontario, Canada, fractions of sulfate from Podzol B-horizons have the following mean isotope (%.) compositions: water soluble sulfate, δ34S = +6.4; δ18O = -5.3; bicarbonate-exchanged sulfate by two methods,δ34S = + 4.5 and + 3.4; δ18O =-6.2 and -5.6; dissolved sulfate in B-horizon soilwater seepage,δ34S = + 4.8; δ18O = -5.4. These data indicate that soil sorption enriches dissolved sulfate in 34S by approximately 1 ± 1%. and in 18O by 0 +- 1 %. relative to sorbed sulfate. Similar results were obtained by laboratory sorption of sulfate by prepared goethite, which is a mineral representative of soil sorption sites in acidic Podzols like the one at Plastic Lake. The mean fractionation between sorbed and dissolved sulfate was found to be - 0.3%. for34S and 0.1 %. for 18O. Earlier literature has confused the term adsorption; in many cases the more general term sorption, or retention, should be used. Pronounced fractionation of S and O isotopes in sulfate by lake and ocean sediments has been attributed to "adsorption" or "retention" but is more likely the result of sulfate reduction. Apparently, at Earth-surface conditions the only substantial isotope shifts in sulfate occur during microbial processes

Sulfate dynamics in upland forest soils, central and southern Ontario, Canada: Stable isotope evidence.

In a Podzol (central Ontario) and a Brunisol-Luvisol (southern Ontario), SO4 in soil seepage is buffered by various mechanisms including microbial cycling and sorption-desorption. A large portion of the water-soluble SO4 in these soils is not derived from soil water, but is apparently desorbed from soil matrix. A HCO3-exchange procedure extracts even more sorbed SO4, especially from the acidic Podzol B horizon. The SO4 in these soils has a range in δ34S values similar to that of atmospheric SO4 input. In contrast, the δ18O (avg. + 4 to + 8.5) values of the soil SO4 are depleted by 2-9% relative to atmospheric SO4 input (δ18O = + 11 to + 13) due to rapid biological cycling of soil S. This cycling includes biological assimilation of SO4 and production of secondary SO4, which is depleted in 18O. Calculations based on δ18O data of litter leaching experiments indicate that approximately 50-100% of seepage SO4 in the LFH and B horizons at Plastic Lake, central Ontario, is secondary. Biological cycling apparently exerts an important control on net release or retention of S by oils. Seasonal variations in soil water evaporation and litterfall may be important factors affecting the δ18O of soil SO4, and may be partly responsible for the 10% seasonal shift in δ18O of LFH horizon SO4

Comparison of dynamic and resting endoscopy of the upper portion of the respiratory tract in 57 thoroughbred yearlings

Reasons for performing the study: Endoscopic examination of Thoroughbred (TB) yearlings is performed routinely to determine the suitability of horses for racing and to ensure that the conditions of sale are satisfied. However, previous research has demonstrated that resting endoscopic examination can be inaccurate in the diagnosis of functional pathology of the upper portion of the respiratory tract (URT). Objectives: To investigate the feasibility of performing dynamic overground endoscopy in a group of TB yearlings and to compare the results of resting and dynamic endoscopic examination of the URT. Study design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Resting (pre- and post exercise) and exercising endoscopy was performed on 57 TB yearlings at a single training yard. Observed abnormalities were recorded and graded. The results of resting and dynamic examination were compared. Results: Dynamic overground endoscopy was well tolerated and was performed with few complications. Laryngeal asymmetry (29 cases) was the most common abnormality identified at rest, while intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (IDDSP; 19 cases) was the most common at exercise. Significant variation in laryngeal function and variation in the occurrence of IDDSP was noted between examinations. Other potentially significant pathology that was not noted at rest but was present during exercise included collapse of the apex of the corniculate process, pharyngeal collapse and cricotracheal ligament collapse. The occurrence of IDDSP at exercise was significantly associated with epiglottic structure grade>2 and a recent history of respiratory tract infection. Conclusions: Dynamic overground endoscopy is safe and potentially useful when assessing URT function in TB yearlings. Significant variations in the results of endoscopy at rest and during exercise were identified, which indicate that resting endoscopy may not be sufficient to predict the occurrence of pathology during exercise. Potential relevance: Dynamic overground endoscopic examination could be considered a suitable means of assessing URT function in TB yearlings and may provide additional pertinent information to that obtained during standard resting examination

Dynamic ventrorostral displacement of the dorsal laryngeal mucosa in horses

The objectives of this report were to describe the occurrence and features of dynamic ventrorostral displacement of the dorsal laryngeal mucosa (VRDDLM) in a group of Thoroughbred horses presented for investigation of poor performance and/or abnormal respiratory noise. Records from 600, dynamic, endoscopic examinations of the upper respiratory tract of horses were reviewed. Horses with VRDDLM were identified as those in which the dorsal laryngeal mucosa progressively obscured the interarytenoid notch and dorsoaxial portion of the corniculate processes of the arytenoid cartilages during high-speed exercise. The condition was recognised in 12 horses. Concurrent abnormalities of the respiratory tract of eight horses were also identified and included, axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds, vocal cord prolapse, unilateral and bilateral ventromedial luxation of the apex of the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage, and intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate. VRDDLM is a rare abnormality of the upper portion of the respiratory tract of horses that may be associated with abnormal respiratory noise and potentially poor performance. The significance of the condition is not known, but the presence of this condition in combination with other, obstructive diseases of the equine airway warrants further investigation