‘Blood made White’: the relationship between blood and breastmilk in Early Modern England

This article explores the idea that breastmilk was considered to be a form of blood in the humoral system

“Before Midnight she had Miscarried” : Women, Men and Miscarriage in Early Modern England

Reproduction and Childbirth in the early modern era have sometimes been represented as a uniquely feminine experience. Similarly, studies of domestic medicine have in the past overlooked the role that men played in domestic health care practices. This article builds on recent work that resituates men within both of these discourses by considering the ways in which men understood, discussed and responded to the threat and occurrence of miscarriage in the women they knew. It considers a range of medical literature, spiritual diaries and letters to illustrate that men were a central feature of many women’s experiences of miscarriage.Peer reviewedSubmitted Versio

'A sort of destiny': The Multi-Jurisdictional Response to Sewage Pollution in the Great Lakes, 1900-1930

At the turn of the twentieth century, water pollution was the primary vector spreading waterborne disease and a public health issue. In the Great Lakes basin, unprecedentedly high mortality from typhoid fever prompted a conference of federal and provincial public health officials in 1910. Three related initiatives resulted: the provincial government amended the Public Health Act in 1912; federal legislators attempted to develop national pollution control legislation between 1912 and 1915; the International Joint Commission investigated cross boundary pollution in 1912 and recommended a convention to control it. Of the three initiatives, only the provincial Public Health Act amendments were carried to fruition. By 1915, the almost universal adoption of chlorine treatment for municipal water supplies effectively controlled waterborne disease and there was no longer a perceived need for further action.Au tournant du vingtième siècle, la pollution de l’eau était le premier vecteur de propagation des maladies hydriques et une menace à la santé publique. En 1910, le taux de mortalité imputable à la fièvre typhoïde atteignait, dans le bassin des Grands Lacs, un niveau sans précédent, ce qui incita les responsables fédéraux et provinciaux de la santé publique à organiser un congrès sur la question. Trois initiatives connexes en résultèrent : amendement de la Public Health Act en 1912 par le gouvernement provincial; tentative de mise au point d’une législation nationale de contrôle de la pollution entre 1912 et 1915 par les législateurs fédéraux et en 1912, enquête sur la pollution transfrontière par la Commission mixte internationale qui recommanda l’élaboration d’une convention afin de contrôler la pollution. De ces trois initiatives, seuls les amendements à la Public Health Act se concrétisèrent. En 1915, suite à l’adoption quasi universelle du traitement au chlore des réserves d’eau municipales, on avait réussi à contrôler efficacement la propagation des maladies hydriques et on ne sentait plus le besoin de prendre d’autres mesures à cet effet

“Let us heed the voice of youth”: Laundry Detergents, Phosphates and the Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Ontario

This paper uses the 1960s detergent debate to examine the shift to environmental attitudes in Ontario. The first phase of the detergent issue began in 1963 and addressed excessive foaming in the province's water created by detergent residues. The Ontario Water Resources Commission ignored protest from municipal governments and allowed the manufacturers to resolve the problem on their own. In 1969, the environmental phase of the issue began when phosphate-based detergents were blamed for the dwindling quality of Great Lakes water. The appearance of strong advocacy groups, especially Pollution Probe from the University of Toronto, marked this stage. Pollution Probe used science and strong media relations to mobilise public support to ban phosphate-based detergents. The paper assesses the success of strategies employed during both phases of the debate and ties that to the emergence of environmental attitudes among the public.L'auteure part du débat des années 1960 sur les détersifs pour examiner les changements d'attitude face à l'environnement en Ontario. La première phase de la controverse sur les détergents commença en 1963 et porta sur la présence excessive dans les eaux de la province d'écume produite par les résidus détersifs. La Ontario Water Resources Commission ignora les protestations des gouvernements municipaux et demanda aux manufacturiers de résoudre eux-mêmes le problème. L'année 1969 marqua le début de la phase environnementale, alors que l'on rendait les détergents à base de phosphate responsables de la détérioration de la qualité de l'eau des Grands Lacs. Pendant cette phase apparurent des groupes de défense environnementaux solidement organisés, comme le Pollution Probe de l'Université de Toronto. Ce groupe utilisa les découvertes scientifiques et ses puissantes relations avec les médias pour mobiliser l'opinion publique contre l’utilisation de détergents à base de phosphate. Le présent article mesure le succès des stratégies employées pendant les deux phases du débat environnemental et relie le tout à l'émergence d'une conscience écologique dans la population

Winning the war against cervical cancer? - a social history of cervical screening in Australia 1950 to the present

This thesis provides a social history of the introduction the Pap smear and the expansion of population-based cervical screening programs in Australia throughout the latter decades of the twentieth century. By placing cervical screening in a broad social context, this history helps to reveal the complex interrelationship between developments in scientific medicine, social, political and economic concerns, changing beliefs and attitudes, and the growing influence of commercialisation and consumerism. It also highlights the tendency for public health strategies to serve as a means of social and moral control. Furthermore, the thesis examines the conflict between the population-based approach of public health and the concern of clinicians for the welfare of individual patients. This conflict has emerged in other areas of medicine. In casting light on such conflict, the thesis will provide historical insight into reasons for why medicine is often perceived to be in a state of crisis today

Alaska Winter\u27s Relationship to Domestic Violence and Alcohol Abuse

Alaska is known for its long, dark, cold winter months. Daylight savings time exists to cope with months that have little sunlight, but that still leaves on average, five hours of daylight. Special light bulbs exist to help with the darkness by providing light that tricks the body into thinking it is getting more sun than it really is. As daylight decreases, the weather turns colder; depression, alcohol, and domestic violence begin to rise. Studies show alcohol related crime and domestic violence occur more during the winter months in Alaska. This research paper will analyze the data pertaining to alcohol and domestic violence crimes in Alaska to see if a relationship exists with the winters

Association of Body Mass Index of HIV-1-Infected Pregnant Women and Infant Weight, Body Mass Index, Length, and Head Circumference: The NISDI Perinatal Study.

This study assessed the relationship between the body mass index (BMI) of HIV-1-infected women and their infants' perinatal outcomes. The study population consisted of women enrolled in the NICHD International Site Development Initiative (NISDI) Perinatal Study with data allowing calculation of the BMI adjusted for length of gestation (adjBMI), who delivered singleton infants. Outcome variables included infant growth parameters at birth (weight, BMI, length and head circumference) and gestational age. Of 697 women from Argentina, the Bahamas, Brazil and Mexico who were included in the analysis, the adjBMI was classified as underweight for 109 (15.6%), normal for 418 (60.0%), overweight for 88 (12.6%) and obese for 82 (11.8%). Median infant birth weight, BMI, birth length and head circumference differed significantly according to maternal adjBMI (P</=0.0002). Underweight mothers gave birth to infants with lower weight, lower BMI, shorter length and smaller head circumference, while infants born to normal, overweight and obese mothers were of similar size

Insights from Snowboard Pedagogy for the Legal Studies Instructor

This paper intends to inform and avail instructors of pedagogical approaches proven effective in winter sports environments, specifically in the sport of snowboarding, that we suggest may be particularly effective in teaching business law to non-law students in undergraduate business programs. We join other scholars in examining the approach to teaching business law to non-law students in an effort to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to manage the “dynamic and untidy” legal issues that business professionals deal with, while mitigating the difficult and confusing subject matter and pedagogy associated with business law courses. Broadly speaking, teaching requires the acquisition of skills and knowledge; teaching law, the practice of law, and snowboarding are no different. Undergraduate business law courses are an essential accompaniment to the suite of curricula associated with various majors within business schools, such as management, accounting, economics and supply chain. It is particularly important for business school students to develop and retain skills and knowledge associated with legal studies for several reasons. Students’ exposure to legal studies concepts is typically limited, yet the topics are critical for developing the conceptual skill to understand and work within the broader business environment. A basic understanding of business law can help managers make sound business decisions, and in the wake of corporate scandals over the last twenty years, an awareness of the legal environment of business is ever more urgent. One important way that business law courses develop students’ knowledge and conceptual skills is through the critical thinking required to identify legal issues in cases presented and to apply abstract legal concepts to the management of those legal issues. This is often a difficult challenge for students; mastery requires high-impact learning experiences and significant applied practice. The same can be said of snowboarding knowledge and skills. A snowboard instructor can talk about snowboarding with a new athlete, but the athlete can only learn how to snowboard by the significant applied practice of snowboarding. Business law instruction is similar to snowboarding instruction in a number of other, more specific ways. In both domains, it is critical that students receive frequent instruction on how to perform relevant skills and feedback on performance to improve at their craft. The learning curve is steep for both business law and snowboarding students – concepts are often not intuitive, they can be overwhelming, and it can be a frustrating and painful process. A common reason that snow sports enthusiasts give for avoiding snowboarding is the steep and often physically painful learning curve that must be endured. In undergraduate business law courses, students are given background for the cases they study, yet spillover from law school pedagogy often means that business law instructors are hesitant to engage in high-touch practices that lead to internalized learning. Snowboard pedagogy provides several key insights into learning involving a shift from transmitting knowledge to facilitating active learning. We believe these insights have the potential to enhance dramatically student learning of business law concepts. In this paper, we explore snow-sport pedagogy, snowboarding in particular, to gather specific insights into how to improve business law instruction in business schools. We first present a brief background describing the dominant paradigm in business law education, drawing from select scholarly literature on legal studies education in business, and then introduce sport and snow-sport pedagogy, including connections to legal studies pedagogy. We then turn specifically to snowboarding pedagogy, discussing how the development of the field generated specific pedagogical approaches in response to the nature of snowboarding as a sport. In particular, snowboard instructors have proven to be innovative and encouraged to disrupt pedagogical boundaries. Here, we offer specific core insights from snowboard pedagogy and how they may be applied to business law instruction