The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe

By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra–West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe

Нові знахідки доби палеометалів на Житомирщині / The new finds of an Epoch of Paleometals in Zhytomyr Region

<p>This paper presents new finds of an Epoch of Paleometals and Early Iron Age that were discovered during 2005-2006 archaeological seasons in Zhytomyr region. The article considers new localities of copper age, epoch of bronze and the early Iron Age, received by archaeological investigations and also some unpublished materials that were revealed the last years in Popelnia, Malyn, Chernyahiv and Baranivka districts. By the analysis of materials from these localities we can get the conclusions about cultural and chronological characteristics of new archaeological sites and objects.</p> <p>В статье вводится в научный оборот информация о новых находках эпох энеолита, бронзы и начала раннего железного века, полученная авторами на Житомирщине во время археологических разведок 2005-2006 гг., а также некоторые неопубликованные материалы, выявленные в предыдущие годы. Поднимаются некоторые актуальные вопросы, в частности, связанные с определением культурно-хронологической принадлежности нововыявленных археологических памятников и отдельных категорий объектов и находок.</p

Calculation and hardware base for geomonitoring the state of the array by registering natural electromagnetic radiation

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью разработки перспективного метода прогноза удароопасности массива по параметрам естественного электромагнитного излучения, возникающего при трещинообразовании в горных породах. Существующие методики интерпретации данных геофизического мониторинга не учитывают связи параметров электромагнитного излучения с основными геомеханическими критериями, определяющими вероятность проявления горного удара: концентрацией напряжений в массиве и расположением их максимума. Цель: установление рациональных параметров для дальнейшего экспериментального обоснования критериев локального прогноза удароопасности методом регистрации электромагнитного излучения на базе экспериментальной аппаратуры «Ангел-М», разработанной в МНЦ ВНИМИ. Объекты: массивы горных пород, склонных к динамическим проявлениям горного давления на горнодобывающих предприятиях Кузбасса (шахта «Таштагольская», глубина 700 м; шахта «Зиминка», глубина 300 м; шахта № 12, глубина 340 м). Методы: анализ физических механизмов электризации пород в поле механических напряжений на основе фундаментальных закономерностей физики твердого тела и электродинамики, экспериментально-теоретические основы метода регистрации электромагнитного излучения в лабораторных и натурных условиях. Результаты. Рассмотрены физические предпосылки возникновения электромагнитного излучения при разрушении твердых тел и горных пород, основные теоретические и экспериментальные результаты, полученные в данной области ведущими научными коллективами. Изложена методика расчета амплитудно-частотной характеристики электромагнитного излучения при трещинообразовании в горных породах, включающая решение волнового уравнения, прямое и обратное преобразование Фурье, эффекты суперпозиции систем трещин и затухания электромагнитного излучения в проводящей среде. Обоснован перспективный метод прогноза удароопасности массива методом регистрации электромагнитного излучения на основе комплексных критериев, косвенно взаимосвязанных с фундаментальными геомеханическими параметрами массива (концентраций напряжений в точке их максимума и расстоянием от контура до этой точки): средняя амплитуда импульсов за интервал регистрации и крутизна графика скорости нарастания импульсов.The relevance of the study is caused by the need to develop a promising method for predicting the impact hazard of the array according to the parameters of natural electromagnetic radiation that occurs during cracking in rocks. The existing methods of interpretation of geophysical monitoring data do not take into account the relationship of electromagnetic radiation parameters with the main geomechanical criteria determining the probability of a mountain impact: the concentration of stresses in the array and the location of their maximum. The main aim is to establish rational parameters for further experimental substantiation of the criteria for local prediction of impact hazard by the electromagnetic radiation registration method based on the experimental equipment «Angel-M» developed at the MNC. Objects: massifs of rocks prone to dynamic manifestations of mountain pressure at Kuzbass mining enterprises (Tashtagolskaya mine, depth 700 m; Ziminka mine, depth 300 m; mine no. 12, depth 340 m). Methods: analysis of the physical mechanisms of electrification of rocks in the field of mechanical stresses based on the fundamental laws of solid state physics and electrodynamics, experimental and theoretical foundations of the method of recording electromagnetic radiation in laboratory and field conditions. Results. The paper considers the physical prerequisites for electromagnetic radiation occurrence during the destruction of solids and rocks, the main theoretical and experimental results obtained in this field by leading scientific teams. A method for calculating the amplitude frequency response of electromagnetic radiation during fracturing in rocks is described, including the solution of the wave equation, the forward and inverse Fourier transform, the effects of superposition of crack systems and electromagnetic radiation attenuation in a conductive medium. A promising method for predicting the impact hazard of an array by the electromagnetic radiation registration method is substantiated on the basis of complex criteria indirectly interrelated with the fundamental geomechanical parameters of the array (stress concentrations at their maximum point and the distance from the contour to this point): the average amplitude of pulses during the registration interval and the steepness of the pulse rate graph

Justification of criteria for local prediction of impact safety by registering natural electromagnetic radiation at the mines of AO «Suek-Kuzbass»

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью совершенствования геофизических методов контроля напряженного состояния и прогноза геодинамических явлений на шахтах Кузбасса, включая системы геодинамического контроля и георадиолокацию. Цель: обоснование рациональных методик измерения параметров электромагнитного излучения в условиях интенсивной механизированной отработки угольных пластов и установление критериальных значений этих параметров для локального прогноза удароопасности на основе сопоставления с основными геомеханическими параметрами (коэффициентом концентрации напряжений и расстоянием от контура выработки до точки их максимума), полученными прямым базовым методом выхода буровой мелочи. Объекты: горные выработки очистной лавы на шахте «Им. С.М. Кирова», проходка подготовительных выработок на шахте «Есаульская». Методы: анализ научно-практических результатов, полученных методом электромагнитного излучения, экспериментально-теоретические основы которого разработаны в ряде организаций. Результаты. Установлена взаимосвязь амплитуды, формы, частоты следования импульсов, интервалов между ними с уровнем напряжений, раскрытием трещин, скоростью их развития. Разработана и постоянно совершенствуется аппаратура «Ангел», комплексные испытания которой проведены на ряде рудных и угольных месторождений. Доказана на основании результатов промышленных экспериментальных исследований возможность применения метода и аппаратуры регистрации ЭМИ для решения широкого круга инженерно-геологических задач, связанных с геологической подземной доразведкой, диагностированием зон тектонических нарушений, смещений и деформаций. Экспериментально доказана взаимосвязь параметров ЭМИ с концентрацией напряжений в массиве и расстоянием до их максимума, установлены особенности динамики изменения этих параметров во времени. Установлены критериальные значения, и предложена номограмма для локального прогноза удароопасности в очистных и подготовительных выработках шахт Кузбасса.The relevance of the study is caused by the need to improve geophysical methods for monitoring the stress state and forecasting geodynamic phenomena in the mines of Kuzbass, including geodynamic control systems and geo-location. The main aim is to substantiate rational methods for measuring electromagnetic radiation parameters in conditions of intensive mechanized mining of coal seams and to establish criteria values of these parameters for local prediction of impact hazard based on comparison with the main geomechanical parameters (stress concentration coefficient and distance from the coal mining contour to their maximum point) obtained using the direct basic method of drilling fines extraction. Objects: mine workings of purifying lava purification on the Kirov coalmine and when sinking preparatory workings on the coalmine Esaulskaya. Methods: analysis of scientific and practical results obtained by the electromagnetic radiation methos, which experimental and theoretical bases have been developed in different organizatons. Results. The interrelation of the amplitude, shape, pulse repetition frequency, intervals between them with the stress level, crack opening, and the rate of their development is established. «The Angel» hardware complex was developed and is constantly being improved. Its complex tests were carried out at a number of ore and coal deposits. Based on the results of industrial experimental studies the authors proved the possibility of using the method and equipment for recording electromagnetic radiation for solving a wide range of engineering and geological tasks related to geological underground exploration, diagnosing zones of tectonic disturbances, displacements and deformations. The relationship of the electromagnetic radiation parameters with the stress concentration in the array and the distance to their maximum was experimentally proved, and the features of the dynamics of changes in these parameters over time were established. Criteria values are established and a nomogram is proposed for the local prediction of impact hazard in the treatment and preparatory workings of Kuzbass mines

A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region

A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom's northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region

Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia

We present the first ancient DNA data from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia (Southeastern Turkey and Northern Iraq), Cyprus, and the Northwestern Zagros, along with the first data from Neolithic Armenia. We show that these and neighboring populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to Anatolian, Caucasus, and Levantine hunter-gatherers, forming a Neolithic continuum of ancestry mirroring the geography of West Asia. By analyzing Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic populations of Anatolia, we show that the former were derived from admixture between Mesopotamian-related and local Epipaleolithic-related sources, but the latter experienced additional Levantine-related gene flow, thus documenting at least two pulses of migration from the Fertile Crescent heartland to the early farmers of Anatolia