Características químicas e microbiológicas do solo em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens após a implantação de leguminosas forrageiras

A exploração extensiva de pastagens é o principal sistema de produção de carne no Brasil. Geralmente a produtividade logo após a implantação da pastagem é alta, mais cai após alguns anos, apresentando sinais de degradação. O nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes mais importantes na degradação, devido ao alto custo da adubação e elevadas perdas apresentadas pelo sistema. Uma alternativa à adubação nitrogenada é o cultivo de leguminosas forrageiras que fixam nitrogênio pela sua simbiose com rizóbios e que possuem baixa relação C/N. Considerando o uso potencial de leguminosas em pastagens, este trabalho visa analisar o efeito da implantação de leguminosas forrageiras em pastagem degradada de Brachiaria decumbens sobre fertilidade e microbiologia do solo. Para tanto estão sendo cultivadas parcelas de 540 m2 com Arachis pintoi Krap & Greg cv. Amarillo, Clitoria ternatea L., Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. e Estilosantes Campo Grande,que corresponde a uma mistura de 80:20 em peso das espécies Stylosanthes capitata e S. macrocephala, intercaladas por linhas de B. decumbens, bem como dois tratamentos somente com braquiária, com e sem adubação nitrogenada, totalizando seis tratamentos. PH, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, SB e m foram avaliados nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, e valores de carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo (C-BMS), nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana do solo (N-BMS), respiração basal do solo (RBS), coeficiente metabólico (qCO2), relação entre o carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (C/N) na profundidade de 0-10cm. A amostragem foi realizada em transecto paralelo ao comprimento da parcela, representando as faixas de leguminosa e gramínea. As faixas sob leguminosas apresentaram menor respiração basal do solo, pH, soma de bases, magnésio e potássio trocáveis, enquanto alumínio e saturação por alumínio aumentaram. Houve incremento de cálcio em comparação com o início do experimento. A modificação na fertilidade do solo em função da leguminosa deve ser considerada nas recomendações de correção do solo e fertilização.Extensive grazing is the main Brazilian meat production system. Usually pasture yield soon after implantation is high, but it declines after a few years of exploration, showing degradation signs. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients on degradation, due to both high costs of fertilization and nutrient loss by the system. An alternative to nitrogen fertilization is the use of forage legumes, which fix nitrogen due to their symbiosis with rhizobia, and which have a lower C/N ratio. Considering the potential use of legumes in pastures, this work aims to evaluate the effect of forage legume implantation in degraded Brachiaria decumbens pasture on soil fertility and microbiology. To this end, 540 m² plots are being cultivated with Arachis pintoi Krap & Greg cv Amarillo, Clitoria ternatea L., Calopogonium mucunoides Desv and Campo Grandes Stylosanthes, which is a 80:20 weight basis mix of Stylosanthes capitata and S. macrocephala intercalated with B. decumbens lines, as well as two brachiaria only treatments, with and without nitrogen fertilizer, totaling six treatments. pH, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, sum of basis (SB) and aluminum saturation (m) were evaluated at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 depths, and soil microbial biomass carbon (C-BMS) and nitrogen (N-BMS), soil basal respiration (RBS), metabolic quoficient (qCO2), and carbon and nitrogen ratio of the microbial biomass (C/N) at the 0-10 cm depth. Sampling was on a transect parallel to plot length, representing legume and grass strips. Legume strips had lower soil basal respiration, pH, sum of basis, Ca2+ and Mg2+ while Al3+ and aluminum saturation increased. Calcium increased in comparison to the values before the experiment. Changes in soil fertility due to legumes must be considered for soil correction and fertilization recommendations.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPqCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPE

Estoque de serapilheira e fertilidade do solo em pastagem degradada de Brachiaria decumbens após implantação de leguminosas arbustivas e arbóreas forrageiras

As pastagens formam a base da pecuária brasileira; essas sofrem degradação em larga escala por deficiência de nitrogênio (N). O consórcio com leguminosas, além de fixar N, pode apresentar outros efeitos na fertilidade do solo como acidificação ou retirada de nutrientes de camadas mais profundas para as mais superficiais. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o estoque de serapilheira e a fertilidade do solo em pastagens degradadas de braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens), após implantar leguminosas arbustivas e arbóreas forrageiras. Para isso, uma amostragem foi realizada em março de 2010 em um experimento no campo, introduzindo pastagem degradada de Brachiaria decumbens, em julho de 2008, com sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia), leucena (Leucaena leucocephala), mororó (Bauhinia cheilantha) e gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium), além de braquiária adubada e não adubada com N. As amostras de solo e serapilheira foram coletadas aos 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm de profundidade, em três transectos, alternando pontos cobertos por gramíneas e leguminosas, totalizando sete amostras compostas por parcela para determinar pH, P, K, Ca, Mg e Al no solo, enquanto SB, t e m foram calculados. A serapilheira foi separada visualmente em leguminosas, gramíneas e materiais não identificados, em que foram utilizados para quantificação de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, N, P, C, fibra detergente ácido e lignina. A introdução das leguminosas aumentou os teores de N total na serapilheira e reduziu as relações C:N, com destaque para gliricídia e sabiá; entretanto, essa última apresentou elevados teores de lignina. Houve efeito significativo da cobertura por leguminosas, sem diferenças entre essas, para pH e K, na profundidade de 0-10 cm, e para Al e m, aos 10-20 cm de profundidade

Tolerance to and accumulation of cadmium, copper, and zinc by Cupriavidus necator

Preliminary results of in vitro experiments with multicontaminated soils and solid media indicated that nodulating diazotrophic bacteria of the genus Cupriavidus are promising for the remediation of contaminated environments due to their symbiosis with legumes and metal tolerance. Thus, strains of Cupriavidus spp. (LMG 19424T, UFLA 01-659, UFLA 01-663, and UFLA 02-71) were tested for their ability to tolerate and bioaccumulate cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in Luria-Bertani broth. Changes in the growth pattern of Cupriavidus strains in the presence or absence of heavy metals were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and metal allocation by transmission electron microscopy, to clarify the mechanisms of bioremediation. Highest tolerance was detected for strain UFLA 01-659 (minimum inhibitory concentration of 5, 4.95, and 14.66 mmol L−1 of Cd, Cu, and Zn, respectively). Among the removal rates of the metals tested (9.0, 4.6, and 3.2 mg L−1 of Cd, Cu, and Zn, respectively), the bacterial activity was clearly highest for Cd. The efficiency of strain UFLA 01-659 in removing the heavy metals is associated with its high biomass production and/or higher contents of heavy metals adsorbed and absorbed in the biomass. In response to the presence of heavy metals in the liquid culture medium, the bacteria produced exopolysaccharides and small and aggregated cells. However, these responses varied according to the strains and heavy metals. Regarding allocation, all heavy metals were adsorbed on the cell wall and membrane, whereas complexation was observed intracellularly and only for Cu and Zn. These results indicate the possibility of using C. necator UFLA 01-659 for remediation in areas with very high Cd, Cu, and Zn contents

Tolerance to and Accumulation of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc by Cupriavidus necator

<div><p>ABSTRACT Preliminary results of in vitro experiments with multicontaminated soils and solid media indicated that nodulating diazotrophic bacteria of the genus Cupriavidus are promising for the remediation of contaminated environments due to their symbiosis with legumes and metal tolerance. Thus, strains of Cupriavidus spp. (LMG 19424T, UFLA 01-659, UFLA 01-663, and UFLA 02-71) were tested for their ability to tolerate and bioaccumulate cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in Luria-Bertani broth. Changes in the growth pattern of Cupriavidus strains in the presence or absence of heavy metals were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and metal allocation by transmission electron microscopy, to clarify the mechanisms of bioremediation. Highest tolerance was detected for strain UFLA 01-659 (minimum inhibitory concentration of 5, 4.95, and 14.66 mmol L−1 of Cd, Cu, and Zn, respectively). Among the removal rates of the metals tested (9.0, 4.6, and 3.2 mg L−1 of Cd, Cu, and Zn, respectively), the bacterial activity was clearly highest for Cd. The efficiency of strain UFLA 01-659 in removing the heavy metals is associated with its high biomass production and/or higher contents of heavy metals adsorbed and absorbed in the biomass. In response to the presence of heavy metals in the liquid culture medium, the bacteria produced exopolysaccharides and small and aggregated cells. However, these responses varied according to the strains and heavy metals. Regarding allocation, all heavy metals were adsorbed on the cell wall and membrane, whereas complexation was observed intracellularly and only for Cu and Zn. These results indicate the possibility of using C. necator UFLA 01-659 for remediation in areas with very high Cd, Cu, and Zn contents.</p></div

Efficient Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Isolated from Soybean Nodules in the Semi-arid Region of Northeast Brazil are Classified as Bradyrhizobium brasilense (Symbiovar Sojae)

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important legume that greatly benefits from inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In a previous study, five efficient nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains, isolated from nodules of soybean inoculated with soil from semi-arid region, Northeast Brazil, were identified as a new group within the genus Bradyrhizobium. The taxonomic status of these strains was evaluated in this study. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed the high similarity of the five strains to Bradyrhizobium brasilense UFLA03-321(T) (100%), B. pachyrhizi PAC48(T) (100%), B. ripae WR4(T) (100%), B. elkanii USDA 76(T) (99.91%), and B. macuxiense BR 10303(T) (99.91%). However, multilocus sequence analysis of the housekeeping genes atpD, dnaK, gyrB, recA, and rpoB, average nucleotide identity, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization analyses supported the classification of the group as B. brasilense. Some phenotypic characteristics allowed differentiating the five strains and the type strain of B. brasilense from the two neighboring species (B. pachyrhizi PAC48(T) and B. elkanii USDA 76(T)). The nodC and nifH genes' analyses showed that these strains belong to symbiovar sojae, together with B. elkanii (USDA 76(T)) and B. ferriligni (CCBAU 51502(T)). The present results support the classification of these five strains as Bradyrhizobium brasilense (symbiovar sojae)

Bradyrhizobium brasilense sp. nov., a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from Brazilian tropical soils

Four strains of rhizobia isolated from nodules of Vigna unguiculata (UFLA03-321(T), UFLA03-320 and UFLA03-290) and Macroptilium atropurpureum (UFLA04-0212) in Brazilian soils were previously reported as a new group within the genus Bradyrhizobium. To determine their taxonomic position, these strains were characterized in this study using a polyphasic approach. The analysis of the 16S rRNA gene grouped the four strains with Bradyrhizobium pachyrhizi PAC48(T). However, the concatenated sequence analysis of the two (recA and glnII) or three (atpD, gyrB and recA) housekeeping genes indicated that these strains represent a novel species of Bradyrhizobium, which is very closely related to B. pachyrhizi PAC48(T) and B. elkanii USDA 76(T). Genomic relatedness analyses between the UFLA03-321(T) strain and B. elkanii USDA 76(T) and B. pachyrhizi PAC48(T) revealed an average nucleotide identity below 96% and values of estimated DNA-DNA hybridization below 70%, confirming that they represent genomically distinct species. Analysis of MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry) profiles and phenotypic characteristics also allowed differentiation of the novel species from its two neighboring species. In phylogenetic analysis of nodC and nifH genes, UFLA03-321(T) exhibited maximum similarity with B. tropiciagri CNPSo 1112(T). The data suggest that these four UFLA strains represent a novel species, for which the name Bradyrhizobium brasilense sp. nov. is proposed, with UFLA03-321(T) (=LMG 29353 =CBAS645) as type strain. G + C content in the DNA of UFLA03-321(T) is 63.9 mol %