Cozymase. A study of purification methods

Cozymase is one of the essential components of the complex enzyme mixture which effects alcoholic fermentation in the absence of living cells. The separation of the mixture into zymase and cozymase was first accomplished by Harden and Young [1] by means of ultrafiltration through a gelatin-impregnated Chamberland filter candle. The residue and filtrate as thus prepared possessed, separately, no fermentative action, but when mixed were found to produce a rapid fermentation. The active constituent of the residue was named zymase, while that constituent of the filtrate responsible for the reactivation of the residue was named cozymase. We studied the purification produced in our material by a variety of reagents. In the investigation we have repeated much of the work done by von Euler and Myrbäk [2], and several differences have been found, which appear difficult to explain solely upon the basis of the lower initial purity of our material. As certain of the experiments show distinct promise, we hope to be able to extend the work upon a material of considerably higher original purity, such as was employed by von Euler and Myrbäk

Experimental Quantification of Nutrient Bioextracti on Potential of Oysters in Estuarine Waters of New Hampshire

This project was a short-term field experiment conducted in summer 2010 and designed to provide preliminary data on the bioextraction (removal) of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) for two different size classes (both \u3c76mm shell height) of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) at six sites in the Great Bay estuarine system in New Hampshire. Sites were chosen to represent a range of ambient nutrient concentrations, water flow conditions, and location within the estuary. Two of the sites were at oyster aquaculture farms: Granite State Shellfish at the mouth of the Oyster River, and Little Bay Oyster Company near Fox Point in Little Bay. At each site, oysters were deployed in 10mm mesh polyethylene bags typically used on oyster farms in New England. Approximately one thousand “seed” size (10?15 mm shell height), or two hundred (200) 1?year old (30?40 mm shell height) oysters were placed into each bag. Two bags (one for each size class) were suspended 10?20 cm off the bottom attached to plastic coated wire cages at each site from August 9 until November 4, 2010. The oysters were inspected and the bags were cleaned each month to reduce fouling. There were no significant differences in final size among the six sites, indicating similar growth rates. Soft tissue %C and %N values, however, varied substantially and significantly (ANOVA, P\u3c0.05) among the sites. Tukey tests indicated significantly higher %C and %N at the Squamscott River (SQ) site, and significantly lower at the Little Bay Oyster (LBO) farm site, compared to the other sites. The ranges of mean soft tissue %C and %N were, respectively, 26.9 to 47.2 and 4.7 to 10.6. Because shell material was not analyzed in the present study, literature values for shell were combined with soft tissue data from the present study to arrive at total whole animal C and N content. Oysters with mean shell height of 35.7 mm contained 0.6 g of C and 0.01 g of N; oysters with mean shell height of 55.6 mm contained 3.1 g of C and 0.07 g of N. Preliminary calculations indicated that if 20 0 acres of bottom area were in full farm production, the annual N removal from the estuary from oyster harvest alone would be 12.56 tons. It is emphasized that the present study represents only the first step in characterizing the nutrient (focusing on N) bioextraction potential for oyster farming in New Hampshire

Selectable towline spin chute system

An emergency spin recovery parachute is presented that is housed within a centrally mounted housing on the aft end of an aircraft and connected to a ring fitting within the housing. Two selectively latching shackles connected to separate towlines are openly disposed adjacent the ring fitting. The towlines extend in opposite directions from the housing along the aircraft wing to attachment points adjacent the wing-tips where the other end of each towline is secured. Upon pilot command, one of the open shackles latches to the ring fitting to attach the towline connected thereto, and a second command signal deploys the parachute. Suitable break-away straps secure the towlines to the aircraft surface until the parachute is deployed and the resulting force on the towline attached to the parachute overcomes the straps and permits the towline to extend to the point of attachment to exert sufficient drag on the spinning aircraft to permit the pilot to regain control of the aircraft. To employ the parachute as a drag chute to reduce landing speeds, both shackles and their respective towlines are latched to the ring fitting

Oyster Bed Mapping in the Great Bay Estuary, 2012-2013

Six major oyster beds (reefs) in New Hampshire are mapped periodically to assess wild oyster populations in the Great Bay Estuary. Data on the spatial extent of the beds are combined with density and other measures to estimate the abundances of live oysters. The first objective of the present project was to determine the spatial extent of these six oyster beds, and to compare the 2012/2013 data with previous mapping efforts. A second objective was twofold: to map the extent of live oyster bottom at selected recent oyster restoration sites, and to map areas where oyster beds have been known to occur historically but not recently. Towed underwater video methods, as used in previous oyster mapping efforts in New Hampshire, were used for this project. All recorded video was classified into three categories: ”reef” (\u3e20% shell cover and live oysters visible); ”sparse shell” ( Two of the natural beds (Nannie Island [2012: 32.4 ac] and Oyster River [2012: 1.6 ac]) had similar total bottom area coverage compared to most previous mapping efforts. Three beds (Adams Point [2012: 15.9 ac], Squamscott River [2012: 7.7 ac] and Woodman Point [2012: 15.4 ac]) had substantially greater area coverage compared to previous surveys. In all three cases, however, the increases were likely due to additional adjacent areas being surveyed. In contrast to the others, the Piscataqua River bed appears to have substantially decreased in bottom area coverage (2012: 7.0 ac) compared to previous surveys. Selected oyster restoration sites were also video surveyed in 2013 to determine bottom area coverage that could be considered “reef” and therefore considered as part of the overall oyster resource in New Hampshire. Restoration sites in the Lamprey River, Oyster River (3 sites), and at Fox Point in Little Bay were imaged. Due to poor image quality, full bottom area coverage could not be determined for any of the sites. Nonetheless, substantial areas of at least “sparse shell” bottom, and live oysters in some areas were recorded at all sites. These restoration sites as well as additional sites are scheduled for video surveying and quantitative sampling in 2013. The third focus of the project was to survey areas where oyster beds historically occurred. Of the four general areas surveyed, live oyster reefs were found in two areas: Lamprey River (0.9 ac) and mid-Great Bay (35.2 ac). In sum, these two areas represent a major addition to the known live oyster bottom in the state. Moreover, these findings strongly suggest that live oyster reefs may be in other areas where oysters have not been known to exist in recent years. Overall, this project has added substantially to our knowledge of where live oysters occur in New Hampshire as well as the total bottom area coverage. A total of 120 acres of bottom area classified as “reef” was mapped. Additionally, the extent (perhaps 100 ac or more) of bottom area that had sparse shell but apparently few or no live oysters in mid-Great Bay bed and in the Nannie Island/Woodman Point area is important because these areas represent excellent oyster restoration opportunities. However, they will need to be mapped in more detail to sufficiently design future projects

Composite CDMA - A statistical mechanics analysis

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) in which the spreading code assignment to users contains a random element has recently become a cornerstone of CDMA research. The random element in the construction is particular attractive as it provides robustness and flexibility in utilising multi-access channels, whilst not making significant sacrifices in terms of transmission power. Random codes are generated from some ensemble, here we consider the possibility of combining two standard paradigms, sparsely and densely spread codes, in a single composite code ensemble. The composite code analysis includes a replica symmetric calculation of performance in the large system limit, and investigation of finite systems through a composite belief propagation algorithm. A variety of codes are examined with a focus on the high multi-access interference regime. In both the large size limit and finite systems we demonstrate scenarios in which the composite code has typical performance exceeding sparse and dense codes at equivalent signal to noise ratio.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures, Sigma Phi 2008 conference submission - submitted to J.Stat.Mec

Stormwater Management Database for the City of Dover, New Hampshire

The overall goal of the project was to make a significant contribution to the Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership goal of increasing oyster (Crassostrea virginica) bottom in New Hampshire, and to do so using methods that positively affect multiple species. The focus was on those organisms (mainly macroalgae, invertebrates, and fish) that spend most of their time on oyster reefs—the resident species. A 0.5 hectare (1.25 acres) area was restored in August 2007 by constructing twelve mini-reefs (each ~6 m in diameter) in an area protected from harvest using spat-on-shell (“spat seeding”) from remotely set larvae. There was a consistent trend over time of higher oyster densities on the mini-reefs and on the natural reef within the protected area compared to the adjacent unprotected natural reef. At the end of the project period (1.8 years post-construction of the mini-reefs), total oyster densities in the overall restoration area were about 26% higher than the adjacent unprotected reef. The constructed mini-reefs also consistently had higher total densities and biomass of resident animals, which consisted mainly of invertebrates (only one fish was captured over the entire study), compared to the other reef areas. A total of 15 species of invertebrates were collected from the mini-reefs compared to 10 and 11 species, respectively, from the natural reef in the restored area and the natural reef in the harvested area. The resident (attached) macroalgae community patterns over time indicated higher biomass on the mini-reefs and the protected natural reefs compared to the unprotected reef area on most sampling dates, though there was typically wide variability among replicates. Macroalgal taxonomic richness was similar in all three areas, and there was a total of fourteen species collected from the three areas. Overall, the project resulted in enhancement of oyster reef habitat within the 0.5 hectare restoration area, and characterized the substantial value of oyster reefs in providing habitat for a variety of plant and animal species