Cerebellar encoding of multiple candidate error cues in the service of motor learning

or learning to occur through trial and error, the nervous system must effectively detect and encode performance errors. To examine this process, we designed a set of oculomotor learning tasks with more than one visual object providing potential error cues, as would occur in a natural visual scene. A task-relevant visual target and a task-irrelevant visual background both influenced vestibulo-ocular reflex learning in rhesus monkeys. Thus, motor learning does not identify a single error cue based on behavioral relevance, but can be simultaneously influenced by more than one cue. Moreover, the relative weighting ofthe differentcues could vary. Ifthe speed ofthe visual target's motion on the retina was low (≪1°/s), background motion dominated learning, but if target speed was high, the effects of the background were suppressed. The target and background motion had similar, nonlinear effects on the putative neural instructive signals carried by cerebellar climbing fibers, but with a stronger influence ofthe backgroundon the climbing fibers than on learning. In contrast, putative neuralinstructive signals carriedby the simple spikes of Purkinje cells were influenced solely by the motion of the visual target. Because they are influenced by different cues during training, joint control of learning by the climbing fibers and Purkinje cells may expand the learning capacity of the cerebellar circuit

Archeological Testing and Data Recovery at the Flatrock Road Site, 41KM69, Kimble County, Texas

The Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) of The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) conducted archeological significance testing and data recovery excavations at 41KM69, the Flatrock Road Site, at the request of the Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division (TxDOT-ENV). The significance testing was begun in 2004 under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 3350 to determine National Register of Historic Places eligibility status of the site and continued to the data recovery phase in 2005 under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 3584 with Raymond Mauldin serving as Principal Investigator on both permits. Work was begun in anticipation of alterations to Flatrock Road/FM 2169 that intersects the site because TxDOT and the Texas Historical Commission concurred with CAR’s assessment that the site was eligible for listing on the NRHP and because TxDOT could not avoid impacts to intact deposits. During testing 120 auger tests, six backhoe trenches, eight 50-x-50-cm units, and five 1-x-1-m units were excavated across the western portion of the site within the planned TxDOT right-of-way (ROW). This effort confirmed intact Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric Austin and Toyah interval components as well as a disturbed twentieth century component. The prehistoric deposits included four burned rock features including a large burned rock midden, 3,000 chipped stone artifacts, 10 temporally diagnostic projectile points, unifacial tools typical of Toyah end-scrapers, and native ceramics, also commonly found on Toyah occupations. A small quantity of bone was collected including tibia fragments from one bison. The historic component was confined to the upper level of the site from the surface to approximately 20 cmbs. The Kimble Courts resort camp once stood in the area. Data recovery excavations targeted the prehistoric components after the historic levels were removed by backhoe. Four large blocks were excavated in areas of high artifact density. Approximately 130 m3 and 40,000 artifacts were recovered from these blocks including 350 stone tools and 114 earthenware sherds. Projectile point types found were Castroville, Pedernales, Montell, Ellis, Frio, Ensor, Fairland, Edwards, and Perdiz. Seventy-three prehistoric thermal rock features and soil stains were also recorded. We also collected bone, shell, feature burned rock, and soil samples. Following hand excavations, the project area was monitored during Gradall stripping of the remaining deposits. Fifty-seven auger tests were also excavated after a shift in the project ROW. Artifact density was sparse in the shifted ROW, and most artifacts came from disturbed upper level deposits. CAR developed a research design in consultation with TxDOT after all excavations were completed. This research focused on the interpretation of the deposits discovered during significance testing and data recovery from 41KM69 and a number of comparative sites around Texas. The theoretical framework draws from principles of cultural and evolutionary ecology to examine shifts in subsistence, technology, and mobility in hunter-gatherers from the Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric periods of South and Central Texas. All artifacts and samples collected during this project, along with project related documentation are to be permanently curated at CAR according to THC guidelines

Archeological Testing and Data Recovery at the Flatrock Road Site, 41KM69, Kimble County, Texas

The Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) of The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) conducted archeological significance testing and data recovery excavations at 41KM69, the Flatrock Road Site, at the request of the Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division (TxDOT-ENV). The significance testing was begun in 2004 under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 3350 to determine National Register of Historic Places eligibility status of the site and continued to the data recovery phase in 2005 under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 3584 with Raymond Mauldin serving as Principal Investigator on both permits. Work was begun in anticipation of alterations to Flatrock Road/FM 2169 that intersects the site because TxDOT and the Texas Historical Commission concurred with CAR’s assessment that the site was eligible for listing on the NRHP and because TxDOT could not avoid impacts to intact deposits. During testing 120 auger tests, six backhoe trenches, eight 50-x-50-cm units, and five 1-x-1-m units were excavated across the western portion of the site within the planned TxDOT right-of-way (ROW). This effort confirmed intact Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric Austin and Toyah interval components as well as a disturbed twentieth century component. The prehistoric deposits included four burned rock features including a large burned rock midden, 3,000 chipped stone artifacts, 10 temporally diagnostic projectile points, unifacial tools typical of Toyah end-scrapers, and native ceramics, also commonly found on Toyah occupations. A small quantity of bone was collected including tibia fragments from one bison. The historic component was confined to the upper level of the site from the surface to approximately 20 cmbs. The Kimble Courts resort camp once stood in the area. Data recovery excavations targeted the prehistoric components after the historic levels were removed by backhoe. Four large blocks were excavated in areas of high artifact density. Approximately 130 m3 and 40,000 artifacts were recovered from these blocks including 350 stone tools and 114 earthenware sherds. Projectile point types found were Castroville, Pedernales, Montell, Ellis, Frio, Ensor, Fairland, Edwards, and Perdiz. Seventy-three prehistoric thermal rock features and soil stains were also recorded. We also collected bone, shell, feature burned rock, and soil samples. Following hand excavations, the project area was monitored during Gradall stripping of the remaining deposits. Fifty-seven auger tests were also excavated after a shift in the project ROW. Artifact density was sparse in the shifted ROW, and most artifacts came from disturbed upper level deposits. CAR developed a research design in consultation with TxDOT after all excavations were completed. This research focused on the interpretation of the deposits discovered during significance testing and data recovery from 41KM69 and a number of comparative sites around Texas. The theoretical framework draws from principles of cultural and evolutionary ecology to examine shifts in subsistence, technology, and mobility in hunter-gatherers from the Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric periods of South and Central Texas. All artifacts and samples collected during this project, along with project related documentation are to be permanently curated at CAR according to THC guidelines

Results of Archeological Significance Testing at 41TV410 and 41TV540 and Associated Geomorphological Investigations on a Segment of Onion Creek in Travis County, Texas

In late 2005, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) contracted the Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Texas at San Antonio (CAR-UTSA) to conduct significance testing at 41TV410 and 41TV540, two prehistoric archeological sites located in the floodplain of Onion Creek in southeast Austin in Travis County. The work was conducted in advance of a borrow pit excavation related to the construction on State Highway (SH) 130. The borrow pit represented a project specific location (PSL). PSLs are normally not part of the project per Federal Highway Administration policy. PSLs are the responsibility of the contractor in most cases. However, the testing reported here was mandated by language of the SH 130 comprehensive development agreement. Significance testing was performed late in 2005 and early in 2006. For 41TV540, Dr. Raymond Mauldin served as Principal Investigator and Jennifer Thompson served as the Project Archeologist. At 41TV410, Dr. Mauldin served as Project Archeologist and Dr. Steve Tomka served as Principal Investigator. The archeological work at these sites was not under the purview of either Section 106 or the Antiquities Code of Texas. The work was not conducted under a Texas Antiquities Permit. However, testing at both sites was conducted in accordance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation and guidelines provided by the Texas Historical Commission (THC). CAR completed fieldwork in early January of 2006. At 41TV410, 11 features were uncovered with radiocarbon dates that fell in the Early/Middle Archaic and in the Late Archaic. Recovery of artifacts and ecofacts was extremely low. The 41TV540 work also produced a low density of chipped stone artifacts and tools, and exposed 17 features, many of which dated to the close of the Early Archaic. Preliminary observations on flotation returns suggested good quantities of burned material and faunal remains were present at 41TV540. CAR prepared post-field reports summarizing the work and provided recommendations for both sites. Because both locations appeared to contain intact deposits that could, in our view, contribute to an understanding of the prehistoric cultural development of the region, CAR recommended that the sites were eligible to the NRHP under criterion d. TxDOT agreed with CAR recommendations that 41TV540 was eligible for listing in the NRHP, though they did not request any additional work at the site. TxDOT concluded that site 41TV410 was not eligible for listing on the NRHP. At TxDOT’s instruction, CAR prepared a research design for the analysis of the testing data from 41TV540, as well as a summary of the 41TV410 work. That document (Tomka et al. 2007), which outlined a series of analyses including several new geomorphic studies and a project area geomorphic synthesis, served as a guideline for the present document. Since the archeological and geomorphological investigations reported here, the construction of SH 130 has been completed and deposits containing the sites discussed have been removed. All artifacts, notes, photos, and other material associated with the project are stored at CAR. At this time, decisions regarding the disposal of selected artifact classes, as well as the location for permanent curation of the remaining artifacts and associated records, have not been made. However, it is expected that all project related records and artifacts retained will be permanently curated at CAR

Facilitating regional industrial symbiosis: Network growth in the UK’s National Industrial Symbiosis Programme

In the years since the discovery of Kalundborg’s long-lived network of resource exchanges, industrial symbiosis, and its potential for reducing the environmental impact of industrial activity on a local or regional scale, has been the subject of intense interest. Industrial symbiosis is defined as the enlistment of geographically proximate facilities in the “physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and by-products” (Chertow, 2000: 314). While some industrial symbiosis occurs between firms that are closely co-located, such as those in the same industrial park (see Chapters 4 and 6), other efforts to develop industrial symbiosis are undertaken on regional geographic scales. This chapter considers regional-scale industrial symbiosis, and, in particular, the development of a network of industrial symbiosis facilitated by a single brokering organization

The Evolution of Facilitated Industrial Symbiosis

While much work has been done on the conditions surrounding the emergence and establishment of industrial symbiosis, new attention is being paid to understanding the evolution of industrial symbiosis over time. We demonstrate empirically how a new facilitated industrial symbiosis initiative developed and evolved over an eight‐year period. We explore its network evolution by considering how the facilitator’s actions enabled and precluded two fundamental network processes – serendipitous and goal‐directed processes. We discuss implications for a more generalized theory of industrial symbiosis development by exploring why and how different evolutionary trajectories may unfold

A Survey of OB / GYN Physicians' Training & Current Practice Patterns in Breast Care

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94493/1/tbj12028.pd

Clinical consequences of a miscalibrated digoxin immunoassay

A routine audit revealed that the analytical method used to measure digoxin concentrations by our statewide pathology provider in 2009 was underestimating digoxin concentrations by 10%. The assay was recalibrated by the manufacturer in 2010, but clinical outcomes of the underestimation were never measured. This is a pilot study to describe the prescribing behavior around out-of-range digoxin concentrations and to assess whether miscalibrated digoxin immunoassays contribute to clinically relevant effects, as measured by inappropriate alterations in digoxin doses.About 30,000 digoxin concentrations across the State Hospital system were obtained in 2 periods before and after recalibration of the digoxin assay. Digoxin concentration means were calculated and compared and were statistically significantly different. Subsequently, a single-centered retrospective review of 50 randomly chosen charts was undertaken to study the clinical implications of the underestimated concentrations.Mean digoxin concentrations for 2009 and 2011 were significantly different by 8.8% (confidence interval, 7.0%-10.6%). After recalculating the 2009 concentrations to their "corrected" values, there was a 16% increase in the number of concentrations within the range when compared with the 2011 concentrations (41.48% versus 48.04%). However, overall, this did not cause unnecessary dose changes in patients who were "borderline" or outside the therapeutic range when compared with controls (P = 0.10). The majority of decisions were based on the clinical impression rather than concentration alone (85.1% versus 14.9%), even when the concentration was outside the "therapeutic range."Although recalculating digoxin concentrations measured during 2009 to their corrected values produced a significant change in concentration and values inside and outside the range, this does not seem to have had an influence on patient treatment. Rather, clinicians tended to use the clinical impression to dose digoxin