Metabolizable energy equivalence of guanidinoacetic acid in corn soybean meal-based broiler diets

ABSTRACT In this study, we evaluated how guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) addition in diets with various metabolizable energy (ME) contents affects the performance of broiler chickens. We also estimated the equivalence of GAA in ME. We distributed 1,280 one-day-old broilers in a completely randomized design with eight treatments, eight replicates, and twenty birds per experimental unit. Treatments were based on ME levels (2,775-2,875-2,975 kcal/kg; 2,850-2,950-3,050 kcal/kg; 2,925-3,025-3,125 kcal/kg; or 3,000-3,100-3,200 kcal/kg, from 1 to 7, 8 to 21, and 22 to 42 days of age) and the inclusion of GAA (0 or 600 mg/kg). Supplementation of GAA increased weight gain in broilers at an energy level of 2,908 kcal/kg and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) at energy levels of 2,908 and 2,983 kcal/kg. There was a linear reduction in feed intake and an improvement in FCR of broilers with increasing levels of energy in diets, with and without GAA addition. Solving the equivalence equation, by applying each of the weighted average energy levels studied. indicates the GAA equivalence of 133, 103, 74, and 44 kcal/kg of diet. In conclusion, GAA supplementation improves broilers’ efficiency of energy use; the average ME equivalence of 600 mg/kg of GAA is 88.5 kcal/kg

Suplementação com 1,25-di-hidroxicolecalciferol-glicosídeo para frangos de corte desafiados por LPS

This study evaluates the effects of dietary supplementation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) glycoside on performance, tibia mineral concentration, and inflammatory responses of broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). At 20 days old, 144 male broilers were weighed and distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments, eight replicates, and six birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted in a basal diet without LPS administration (CON), a basal diet with LPS administration (CON+LPS), and a basal diet supplemented with 5 μg of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -glycoside/kg of diet with LPS administration (SUP+LPS). The LPS challenge was administered as intraperitoneal injections at 21 and 23 days of age (1 and 1.12 mg/kg of body weight, respectively). Four hours after the first LPS injection, one bird per experimental unit was euthanized to collect blood, spleen, duodenum, and jejunum samples. Broilers performance was evaluated at 25 days of age, when all birds were slaughtered to analyze calcium and phosphorus cocentrations in the tibia. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and adjusted means were compared using the Tukey test at 0.05 significance. The CON+LPS birds had less weight gain (WG) than CON and SUP+LPS groups (P = 0.019). Treatments had no effect on feed intake, feed conversion, serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus, and calcium and phosphorus concentration in the tibia (P > 0.05). The IL-10 level in the jejunum was higher (P = 0.011) in SUP+LPS birds than in the CON and CON+LPS groups. Among birds challenged with LPS, those supplemented with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -glycoside showed greater mRNA expression of IL-10 (P = 0.014) and IL-1β (P = 0.045) in the spleen; however, no effect was observed on the expression of these cytokines in the duodenum and jejunum of the birds (P > 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -glycoside preserves WG and modulates the inflammatory response by increasing the production of IL-10 in the jejunum and the mRNA expression of IL-10 and IL-1β in the spleens of broilers challenged with LPS, although bone mineralization is unaffected. Keywords: Inflammation. Performance. Poultry. Vitamin D.Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética de 1,25-dihidroxicolecalciferol (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) glicosídeo sobre o desempenho, concentração de minerais na tíbia e resposta inflamatória de frangos de corte desafiados com lipopolissacarídeos (LPS). Aos 20 dias de idade, 144 frangos de corte machos foram pesados e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 3 tratamentos, 8 repetições e 6 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: dieta controle e não administração de LPS (CON), dieta controle e administração de LPS (CON+LPS) e dieta controle suplementada com 5 μg de 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -glicosideo/kg de dieta e administração de LPS (SUP+LPS). O desafio com LPS consistiu de aplicações intraperitoneais aos 21 e 23 dias de idade (1 e 1,12 mg/kg de peso corporal, respectivamente). Quatro horas após a primeira aplicação de LPS, uma ave por unidade experimental foi sacrificada para a coleta de amostras de sangue, baço, duodeno e jejuno. O desempenho das aves foi avaliado de 20 a 25 dias de idade. Ao final do experimento todas as aves foram abatidas para análises dos teores de cálcio e fósforos nas tíbias. Os dados foram submetidos à one-way ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. As aves do grupo CON+LPS apresentaram menor ganho de peso (GP) em relação as dos grupos CON e SUP+LPS (P = 0,019). Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, níveis de fosfatase alcalina óssea, cálcio e fósforo no sangue e de cálcio e fósforo na tíbia das aves (P > 0,05). O nível de IL-10 no jejuno foi maior (P = 0,011) nas aves do grupo SUP+LPS em relação as dos grupos CON e CON+LPS. Entre as aves desafiadas com LPS, aquelas suplementadas com 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -glicosideo apresentaram maior expressão de mRNA para IL-10 (P = 0,014) e IL-1β (P = 0,045) no baço, entretanto não foram observados efeitos sobre a expressão dessas citocinas no duodeno e jejuno das aves (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que a suplementação com 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -glicosídeo melhora o GP e altera a resposta inflamatória pelo aumento da produção de IL-10 no jejuno e da expressão de mRNA para IL-10 e IL-1β no baço de frangos de corte desafiados com LPS. Entretanto, não foi observado efeito da suplementação com 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo sobre a mineralização óssea nas aves. Palavras-chave: Inflamação. Desempenho. Aves. Vitamina D

Purified lignin supplementation on the performance and antioxidant status of broilers subjected to cyclic heat stress

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of purified lignin on the performance, relative organ weights, serum metabolites, and gene expression profiles of broiler chickens subjected to cyclic heat stress (HS). At 22 days old, 280 broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments, ten repetitions, and seven birds per experimental unit. The birds were subjected to daily cyclic HS. A high temperature of 32±1 °C was maintained for 10 h/day (08:00–18:00 h), while a temperature of 22±1 °C was maintained for the remaining time. Treatments were a basal diet or basal diet with the addition of 5, 10, or 15 g of purified lignin/kg of diet. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and means were compared by Tukey’s test at 0.05 significance. There was no effect of lignin supplementation on performance, carcass yield, relative weights of the bursa, spleen, and liver, or serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, malondialdehyde, triiodothyronine, or tetraiodothyronine. The abundance of mRNA of heat shock protein 70, nuclear factor-κB, glutathione peroxidase, and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in the liver was similarly unaffected by treatments. Purified lignin supplementation does not improve performance or the antioxidant response of broiler chickens subjected to H

Ensino médico e extensão em áreas Ribeirinhas da Amazônia

O ensino médico há alguns anos vem passando por uma transição do modelo clássico teórico para abordagens práticas e baseadas em problemas. Fundamentando-se em uma abordagem prática ambulatorial, criou-se um projeto de extensão para o ensino simultâneo a alunos de diferentes anos do curso médico com uma população ribeirinha, em que cada acadêmico utilizou suas habilidades adquiridas no curso para a criação de um serviço ambulatorial (acolhimento, pré-consulta, consulta médica, vacinação e dispensação de medicamentos), de forma a promover um serviço de saúde. Esta ação ocorreu em áreas remotas da Amazônia brasileira, mostrando que é possível unir extensão e ensino na formação de médicos mais conscientes das diferentes realidades socioeconômicas e culturais brasileiras

Ensino médico e extensão em áreas Ribeirinhas da Amazônia

O ensino médico há alguns anos vem passando por uma transição do modelo clássico teórico para abordagens práticas e baseadas em problemas. Fundamentando-se em uma abordagem prática ambulatorial, criou-se um projeto de extensão para o ensino simultâneo a alunos de diferentes anos do curso médico com uma população ribeirinha, em que cada acadêmico utilizou suas habilidades adquiridas no curso para a criação de um serviço ambulatorial (acolhimento, pré-consulta, consulta médica, vacinação e dispensação de medicamentos), de forma a promover um serviço de saúde. Esta ação ocorreu em áreas remotas da Amazônia brasileira, mostrando que é possível unir extensão e ensino na formação de médicos mais conscientes das diferentes realidades socioeconômicas e culturais brasileiras

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data