THE BEHAVIOUR OF SOWS ON THE 10th DAY AFTER FARROWING

Uspoređeno je vladanje četiri krmače (veliki jorkšir x landras), smještenih u objektu prasilišta (2000 mm x 1500 mm) s rešetkastim podom, s vladanjem četiri krmače (veliki jorkšir) smještenih u objektu prasilišta (2500 mm x 1750 mm) s punim podom, primjenom podataka dobivenih iz video snimaka. Svaka krmača snimljena je desetoga dana starosti prasadi, u vremenskom trajanju od 6 sati (od 08:00 do 14:00 h). Za vrijeme snimanja u oba prasilišna objekta mjereni su temperatura, relativna vlaga i brzina strujanja zraka. Prema dobivenim rezultatima za mikroklimatske čimbenike u oba objekta, možemo zaključiti da su temperatura i relativna vlaga bili u optimalnim granicama, dok j e brzina strujanja zraka bila iznad dozvoljenih granica za smještaj krmača u prasilištu. Krmače su u oba prasilišna objekta najdužee vremensko razdoblje proboravile u lijevom bočnom i trbušnom ležećem položaju. Krmače smještene u prasilišnom objektu s punim podom provele su duže vremensko razdoblje sjedeći, stojeći i ležeći na trbuhu, od krmača smještenih u prasilišnom objektu s rešetkastim podom. Osim toga, ukupna učestalost promjene položaja bila je dvostruko veća u krmača smještenih u prasilišnom objektu s punim podom u odnosu na krmača u prasilišnom objektu s rešetkastim podom. Prema navedenim rezultatima u oblicima vladanja krmača dolazi do promjena u učestalosti i trajanju navedenih tjelesnih položaja, što je i uvjetovano različitim drugačijim potrebama prasadi s obzirom na dob i fiziloško dozrijevanje.The behaviour of 4 sows (Large White x Landrace), kept in an object with farrowing crates (2000 mm x 1500 mm), on slated floors, was compared to the behaviour of four sows (Big Yorkshire) kept in another object with farrowing crates (2500 x 1750), on a full floor, applying video-traped data. On the 10" day after farrowing, each sow was video-taped, during a 6 hour period (from 08:00 to 14:00 h). During the recording, temperature, relative humidity and draught speed were measured in both objects. According to the measured microclimatic perimeters in both object, the temperature and relative humidity were within the optimal range, while the level of draught was higher than recomended for sows kept in farrowing-sty. Sows kept on full floor spent longer time sitting, standing and laying in stemal posture, than sows kept on frequency, was two times higher in sows kept on a full floor, compared with he sows kept on slated floor. According to the obtained results, regarding the behavioural patterns of sows, we can conclude that a change in the frequency and duration of the mentioned bodily postures occured, which is influenced with the altered needs of piglets, according to their aging and physiological maturation

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BIOCLIMATE AND THE MOST FREQUENT TYPES OF PIGLET LOSSES IN FARROWING FACILITIES

U upravljanju proizvodnjom prasadi na velikim farmama i u kooperaciji, praćenje bioklimata u nastambama, dobiva svakim danom sve veći značaj. Provedena su istraživanja na jednoj velikoj svinjogojskoj farmi tijekom godine dana. Praćena je prasad u prasilištima i pokušalo se naći interakciju između pojedinih čimbenika bioklimata i poiave gastrointestinalnog sindroma i pneumonije u odojaka. Utvrđeno je da niske temperature u studenom i prosincu (17,5°C odnosno 17,1°C), slabo strujanje zraka (0,11 ms-1), visoka relativna vlaga (79 % odnosno 77%) uzrokuju visoku učestatost i gubitaka od gastrointestinalnog sindroma (27 odnosno 38 uginulih) i pneumonije (58 odnosno 68 uginulih).In the pig production management, microclimate monitoring of large or cooperative production facilities is gaining every day farms in its importance. During the period of one year research has been accomglished on a large pigbreeding larm. By monitoring piglets in the farrowing units, an attempt was made to establish the interaction between some particular bioclimate factors and the prevalence of gastrointestinal syndrome and pneumonia. We have established that low temperatures in November and December (17.5 °C and 17.1 °C), low air speed (0.11 ms -1 ), and high relative humidity (79 % and 77 %) resulted in high incidence of losses due to the gastrointestinal syndrome (27 and 38 dead pigs) or pneumonia (58 and 68 dead pigs)

THE BEHAVIOUR OF WEANED PIGS INFECTED WITH ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAIN IN THE FIRST 24 HOURS

Praćeno je vladanie 7 komada odbijene prasadi, križanaca švedskog landrasa x velikog jorkšira, tijekom 24 sata. Sva je prasad bila podrijetlom iz jedne gojidbe, a raspodijeljenaje u dvije skupine - pokusnu i kontrolnu. Prasadi u pokusnoj skupini aplicirano je intragastalno po 10¹⁰ CFU enterotoksigenog soja bakterije Escherichia coli, a kontrolnoj skupini apliciran je samo medij. Prasad je držana u kontroliranim mikroklimatskim uvjetima. Metodom izravnog promatranja praćeni su i bilježeni učestalost i trajanje sljedećih oblika vladanja: jedenje, pijenje, ležanje, stajanje, mokrenje, blaćenje, rovanje, igranje, grizenje predmeta i trčanje. Dobiveni podaci obrađeni su statistički, a značajnost razlike u vladanju između prasadi u pokusnoj i kontrolnoj skupini prikazana je pomoću t-testa. Između pokusne i kontrolne skupine nađene su značajne statističke razlike u učestalosti i trajanju ležanja i stajanja, dok u drugim oblicima vladanja nisu registrirane. Ispoljene razlike moguće je promatrati kao posljedicu procesa pokrenutog aplikacijom enterotoksigenog soja bakterije Escherichia coli, to je potkrijepljeno pojačanom reaktivnošću limfocita te zadebljanjem i umjerenim oštećenjem sluznice tankog crijeva životinja pokusne skupine.The behaviour of 7 weaned piglets, cross-breeds Swedish Landrace x Large White, was monitored. All piglets were provided from a single breed. They were divided into two groups – the experimental and the control group. The piglets in the experimental group received intragastrically 10¹⁰ CFU of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain, while the control group received pure medium only. The piglets were kept under controlled microclimatic conditions. The frequencies and durations of the following behavioral patterns were monitored and noted down, by the method of direct observation: eating, drinking, lying, standing, urinating, defecating, rooting, playing, biting objects and running. The obtained data were statistically analysed. The behavioral differences between the experimental and the control group were then compared applying the t-test. Significant differences between the experimental and the control group were found in frequency and duration of lying and standing behaviour, while the analysis of the other behavioral patterns didn\u27t reveal any significant differences. The differences in lying and standing behaviour could be attributed to a process initiated by the applied E. coli strain, which is also substantiated by increased lymphocyte reactivity and thickened, moderately damaged small intestine mucosis

THE BEHAVIOUR OF WEANED PIGS INFECTED WITH ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAIN IN THE SECOND 24 HOURS

Promatranjem odbijene pokusno zaražene i kontrolne skupine prasadi kroz druga 24 sata, načinjen je dio etograma prema sljededćm odabranim oblicima vladanja: uzimanje hrane, vode, blaćanje, mokrenje, ležanje, stajanje, rovanje, grizenje predmeta i trčanje. Dobiveni rezultati prosječnih učestalosti i trajanja pokusne i kontrolne skupine, dati su kao tabelarni prikaz promatranih oblika vladanja, statistički su obrađeni, a značajnost razlike između promatranih skupina prikazana je pomoću t-testa. Analiza rezultata promatranja druga 24 sata naših istraživanja, pokazala je da između kontrolne i pokusne skupine postoje značajne statističke razlike u učestalosti i trajanju mokrenja i učestalosti blaćenja.By monitoring the experimentally infected and control groups of piglets during the second 24 hours, a part of the ethogram was made, conlaining the following behavioural patterns: eating, drinking, lying, standing, urinating, defecating, rooting, playing, biting objects and running. The obtained average frequency and duration data are presented in a tabular form, statistically analysed, and the behavioural differences between the experimental and the control group are then compared applying the t-test. The analysis result reveals a significant difference between the experimental group and the controls regarding the frequency and duration of the urinating behaviour and the duration of the defecating behaviour

PURE BREED PIGEONS MEAT AS VALUABLE NUTRIENT

Otkada postoje kućni golubovi, postoji i zanimanje za njihov uzgoj zbog gospodarske koristi. Uzgoj golubova radi mesa posebna je grana sitnog stočarstva, međutim u malom broju zemalja. Njihov uzgoj odvija se na farmama. U SAD ih se danas nalazi najviše, među njima su i one najveće na svijetu, osnovane još početkom ovoga stoljeća. Nekima je uzgoj golubova jedina ili tek dopunska djelatnost. Osim stotina manjih i srednjih uzgajališta, postoje i brojna specijalizirana velika uzgajališta s više stotina ili tisuća parova golubova. Ona pretežu u sjeveroistočnim i jugoistočnim državama, na obalama Tihog oceana, te oko većih gradova srednjega zapada. Najpoznatije su Carpenter Squab Ranch, Dyer and Davis, Middletons Sons te Palmetto Pigeon Plant. Šezdesetih godina Francuska, Italija i Mađarska uvezle su iz SAD roditeljske parove tovnih golubova. Danas ih te zemlje proizvode ne samo za vlastite potrebe, već i za izvoz (Vogel, 1992.; Pavidid, 1995.). Gospodarski učinkovita proizvodnja temelji se na uzgoju tovnih pasmina golubova što postižu veliki prinos mesa. Ako im se pruže dobri uvjeti držanja uz produženo osvjetljenje i odgovarajuću zdravstvenu zaštitu, te kvalitetnu peletiranu hranu, morali bi biti u rasplodnoj kondiciji 3-4 godine. Tijekom iskorištavanja par golubova godišnje othrani 15 mladunaca tjelesne mase 450-550 g. Oni se odbijaju od roditelja u dobi od 26-28 dana (Vogel, 1992. ; Pavidie, 1994.).Along with their domestication, there is interest in pigeons whose breeding has a certain economic effect. Pigeon breeding, by which we mean pigeon meat production, exists as a particular branch, although in a small number of countries, in the form of pigeon farms. Most of such farms can be found nowadays in the USA and among them are some of the biggest in the world, founded at the beginning of the century. In some of them pigeon breeding is the main activity, while in the others it exists as an additional activity. Beside hundreds of small and middle size farms, there are numerous specialised pigeon-breeding farms with several hundreds or thousands of peons, i. e pigeon pairs .Such farms can be found mostly in the north-eastem and south-eastem states, on the Pacific coast, and in the vicinity of larger cities in the Mid-west. Among the renowned are the Carpenter Squab Ranch, Dyer and Davis, Middletons Sons, the Palmeto Pigeon Plant. ln about 1960. France, ltaly and Hungary imported from the USA parental pigeon couples for meat production.Today these countries produce pigeon meat not only for the local market but for the local market but for export. A successful production is based on fattening pigeons of high meat production performances. Kept in good conditions, meaning here preventive health protection, prolongated lighting, along with optimal temperature and granulated food, they should remain in breeding condition about 3 -4 years. During exploatation period a pair can raise up to 15 youngs a year, weighing 450 - 550 g. which are weaned at the age of 26 - 28 day

VOCAL AND TACTILE COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN SOWS AND PIGLETS AFTER BIRTH, DURING THE FIRST DAY

Učestalost i trajanje sisanja zasnovanog na glasovnoj i taktilnoj komunikaciji između krmače i prasadi tijekom prvih 6 sati nakon prasenja, snimljeno je na video-trake. Snimano je 10 krmača, podijeljenih u dvije skupine, smještene u dva različita objekta s različitom vrstom poda. Krmače su se međusobno razlikovale po pasmini, dobi i broju prasenja. Dobiveni rezultati statistički su obrađeni i uspoređeni pomoću t-testa. Značajna statistička razlika (P<0,05) zabilježena je s obzirom na vrijednost učestalosti glasovne komunikacije, između krmača u objektu A i B, te s obzirom na učestalost i trajanje vokalne/taktilne komunikacije u objektu A. Tijekom istraživanja, u oba su objekta kontrolirani i mikroklimatski čimbenici.Nursing frequency and duration based on vocal and tactile communication between the sow and the piglets was video-taped during the first 6 hours after farrowing. The recording included 10 sows, divided in two groups and placed in two objects with different flooring. The sows differed in breed, age and parity. The obtained results were statistically analysed and compared applying the t-test. A significant difference (P<0,05) was found considering frequency values of vocal communication between the sows in Objects A and B, and between the frequency and duration of vocal/tactile communication in Object A. During the research micro-climatic factors were also monitored in both objects

VOCAL AND TACTILE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SOWS AND PIGLETS AT DAY 10 AFTER FARROWING

Učestalost i trajanje sisanja zasnovanog na glasovnoj i taktilnoj komunikaciji između krmače i prasadi na dan 10. nakon prasenja, snimljeni su na video vrpce. Tijekom 6 sati snimano je 10 krmača, podijeljenih u dvije skupine, smještene u dva različita objekta s različitom vrstom poda. Krmače su se međusobno razlikovale po pasmini, dobi i broju prasenja. Dobiveni rezultati statistički su obrađeni i uspoređeni pomoću t-testa. Među promatranim skupinama nije zabilježena značajna statistička razlika. Tijekom istraživanja, u oba su objekta kontrolirani i mikroklimatski čimbenici.Nursing frequency and duration based on vocal and tactile communication between the sow and the piglets was video-tapet for 6 hours at day 10 after birth. The recording included 10 sows, divided in two groups and placed in two buildings with different flooring. The sows differed in breed, age and parity. The results obtained were statistically analysed and compared applyng the t-test. The analysis didn\u27t reveal any statistical difference between groups. During the research microclimatic factors were also monitored in both objects

VOCAL AND TACTILE COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN SOWS AND PIGLETS ON DAY 20 AFTER FARROWING

lstraživanje je obavljeno videosnimanjem odabranih krmača i prasadi različitog pasminskog sastava, starosne dobi i broja prasenja u dva različita objekta s obzirom na vrstu poda tijekom dvadesetog dana nakon prasenja, a cilj je bio istražiti glasovno-taktilnu komunikaciju između krmača i prasadi. Krmače s prasadi podijeljene su u dvije grupe po 5 životinja. Svaka je krmača snimana neprekidno 6 sati. Za vrijeme video snimanja kontrolirani su i mikroklimatski uvjeti. Dobiveni rezultati stratistički su obrađeni i uspoređeni pomoću t-testa. Značajna statistička razlika (P<0.05) zabilježena je između sisanja na osnovi glasovne i traktilne komunikacije u objektu A. Učestalost i trajanje sisanja sa starenjem prasadi se mijenja. Najveći broj sisanja u tijeku dvadesetog dana starosti prasadi biva potaknut od same prasadi, taktilnom komunikacijom prasadi s krmačom.The research was performed by videorecording of the chosen sows and piglets, which differed in breed, age and parity and were placed in two objects with different flooring, during day 20 after farrowing. The purpose was to investigate the vocal-tactile communication between the sow and the piglets. The sows with their piglets were divided in two groups, each consisting of 5 sows. Each sow was videotaped continuously during 6 hours. During the recording, bioclimatic parameters were also controlled. The results obtained were statistically analysed and compared applying the t-test. The analysis revealed a significant difference (P<0.05) between suckling initiated by vocal and tactile communication in Object A. The suckling frequency and duration changed with the aging of piglets. Most of the suckling during day 20 after farrowing was initiated by the piglets, by tactile communication with the sow