THE HIDDEN SYSTEM COSTS OF WIND GENERATION IN A DEREGULATED ELECTRICITY MARKET

WP 2011-01Earlier research has shown that adding wind capacity to a network can lower the total annual operating cost of meeting a given pattern of loads by displacing conventional generation. At the same time, the variability of wind generation and the need for higher levels of reserve generating capacity to maintain reliability standards impose additional costs on the system that should not be ignored. The important implication for regulators is that the capacity payments [“missing money”] for eachMW of peak system load is now much higher. Hence, the economic benefits to a network of using storage, controllable load and other mechanisms to reduce the peak system load will be higher with high penetrations of wind generation. These potential benefits are illustrated in a case study using a test network and a security constrained OPF with endogenous reserves (SuperOPF). The capabilities of the SuperOPF provide a consistent economic framework for evaluating Operating Reliability in real-time markets and System Adequacy for planning purposes. The scenarios considered make it possible to determine 1) the amount of conventional generating capacity needed to meet the peak system load and maintain System Adequacy, and the amount of wind dispatched, 2) total payments by customers in the Wholesale Market, and the amount of missing money paid to generators to maintain their Financial Adequacy, 3) changes in the congestion rents for transmission that are collected by the system operator, and finally, 4) the total annual system costs paid by customers directly in the Wholesale Market and, indirectly, as missing money. The results show that the benefits (i.e. the reduction in the total annual system costs) from making an investment in wind capacity and/of upgrading a tie line are very sensitive to 1) how much of the inherent variability of wind generation is mitigated, and 2) how the missing money paid to conventional generators is determined (e.g. comparing a regulated market with a deregulated market).This research was supported by the US Department of Energy through the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) and by the Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC)

First Measurement of Monoenergetic Muon Neutrino Charged Current Interactions

We report the first measurement of monoenergetic muon neutrino charged current interactions. MiniBooNE has isolated 236 MeV muon neutrino events originating from charged kaon decay at rest ($K^+ \rightarrow \mu^+ \nu_\mu$) at the NuMI beamline absorber. These signal $\nu_\mu$-carbon events are distinguished from primarily pion decay in flight $\nu_\mu$ and $\overline{\nu}_\mu$ backgrounds produced at the target station and decay pipe using their arrival time and reconstructed muon energy. The significance of the signal observation is at the 3.9$\sigma$ level. The muon kinetic energy, neutrino-nucleus energy transfer ($\omega=E_\nu-E_\mu$), and total cross section for these events is extracted. This result is the first known-energy, weak-interaction-only probe of the nucleus to yield a measurement of $\omega$ using neutrinos, a quantity thus far only accessible through electron scattering.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Improved KL->pi e nu Form Factor and Phase Space Integral with Reduced Model Uncertainty

Using the published KTeV sample of 2 million KL-> pi e nu decays and a new form factor expansion with a rigorous bound on higher order terms, we present a new determination of the KL->pi e nu form factor and phase space integral. Compared to the previous KTeV result, the uncertainty in the new form factor expansion is negligible and results in an overall uncertainty in the phase space integral (IKe) that is a factor of two smaller: IKe = 0.15392 +- 0.00048 \.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, submitted to PRD Rapid Communicatio

Measurements of the Decay KL→e+e−γK_L \to e^+e^-\gamma

The E799-II (KTeV) experiment at Fermilab has collected 83262 $K_L \to e^+e^-\gamma$ events above a background of 79 events. We measure a decay width, normalized to the $K_L \to \pi^0\pi^0\pi^0_D$ (\pi^0 \to \gamma\gamma, \pi^0 to \gamma\gamma, \pi^0_D \to e^+e^-\gamma) decay width, of $\Gamma($K_L \to e^+e^-\gamma$)/\Gamma(K_L \to \pi^0\pi^0\pi^0_D) = (1.3302 \pm 0.0046_{stat} \pm 0.0102_{syst}) \times 10^{-3}$. We also measure parameters of two $K_L \gamma^{\ast}\gamma$ form factor models. In the Bergstrom, Masso, and Singer (BMS) parametrization, we find \caks = -0.517 \pm 0.030_{stat} \pm 0.022_{syst}. We separately fit for the first parameter of the D'Ambrosio, Isidori, and Portoles (DIP) model and find \adip = -1.729 \pm 0.043_{stat} \pm 0.028_{syst}.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to PR

Determination of the Parity of the Neutral Pion via the Four-Electron Decay

We present a new determination of the parity of the neutral pion via the double Dalitz decay pi^0 -> e+ e- e+ e-. Our sample, which consists of 30511 candidate decays, was collected from K_L -> pi0 pi0 pi0 decays in flight at the KTeV-E799 experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. We confirm the negative pi^0 parity, and place a limit on scalar contributions to the pi^0 -> e+ e- e+ e- decay amplitude of less than 3.3% assuming CPT conservation. The pi^0 gamma* gamma* form factor is well described by a momentum-dependent model with a slope parameter fit to the final state phase space distribution. Additionally, we have measured the branching ratio of this mode to be B(pi^0 -> e+ e- e+ e-) = (3.26 +- 0.18) x 10^(-5).Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Typographical error in radiative branching ratio (Eq. 6) correcte

Detailed Study of the KL -> 3pi0 Dalitz Plot

Using a sample of 68 million KL -> 3pi0 decays collected in 1996-1999 by the KTeV (E832) experiment at Fermilab, we present a detailed study of the KL -> 3pi0 Dalitz plot density. We report the first observation of interference from KL->pi+pi-pi0 decays in which pi+pi- rescatters to 2pi0 in a final-state interaction. This rescattering effect is described by the Cabibbo-Isidori model, and it depends on the difference in pion scattering lengths between the isospin I=0 and I=2 states, a0-a2. Using the Cabibbo-Isidori model, we present the first measurement of the KL-> 3pi0 quadratic slope parameter that accounts for the rescattering effect.Comment: accepted by Phys. Rev

Search for the Rare Decays KL->pi0pi0mu+mu- and KL->pi0pi0X0->pi0pi0mu+mu-

The KTeV E799 experiment has conducted a search for the rare decays KL->pi0pi0mu+mu- and KL->pi0pi0X0->pi0pi0mu+mu-, where the X0 is a possible new neutral boson that was reported by the HyperCP experiment with a mass of (214.3 pm 0.5) MeV/c^{2}. We find no evidence for either decay. We obtain upper limits of Br(KL->pi0pi0X0->pi0pi0mu+mu-) pi0pi0mu+mu-) < 9.2 x 10^{-11} at the 90% confidence level. This result rules out the pseudoscalar X0 as an explanation of the HyperCP result under the scenario that the \bar{d}sX0 coupling is completely real

Dispersive analysis of K_{L mu3} and K_{L e3} scalar and vector form factors using KTeV data

Using the published KTeV samples of K_L --> pi^{\pm} e^{\mp} nu and K_L --> pi^{\pm} mu^{\mp} nu decays [1], we perform a reanalysis of the scalar and vector form factors based on the dispersive parameterization [2,3]. We obtain phase space integrals I^e_K = 0.15446 \pm 0.00025 and I^{mu}_K = 0.10219 \pm 0.00025. For the scalar form factor parameterization, the only free parameter is the normalized form factor value at the Callan-Treiman point (C); our best fit results in ln C = 0.1915 \pm 0.0122. We also study the sensitivity of C to different parametrizations of the vector form factor. The results for the phase space integrals and C are then used to make tests of the Standard Model. Finally, we compare our results with lattice QCD calculations of F_K/F_pi and f_+(0).Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, to be published in PR

Search for the Rare Decay K_{L}\to\pi^{0}\pi^{0}\gamma

The KTeV E799 experiment has conducted a search for the rare decay $K_{L}\to\pi^{0}\pi^{0}\gamma$ via the topology $K_{L}\to\pi^{0}\pi^{0}_D\gamma$ (where $\pi^0_D\to\gamma e^+e^-$). Due to Bose statistics of the $\pi^0$ pair and the real nature of the photon, the $K_{L}\to\pi^{0}\pi^{0}\gamma$ decay is restricted to proceed at lowest order by the CP conserving direct emission (DE) of an E2 electric quadrupole photon. The rate of this decay is interesting theoretically since chiral perturbation theory predicts that this process vanishes at level $O(p^4)$. Therefore, this mode probes chiral perturbation theory at $O(p^6)$. In this paper we report a determination of an upper limit of $2.43\times 10^{-7}$ (90% CL) for $K_{L}\to\pi^{0}\pi^{0}\gamma$. This is approximately a factor of 20 lower than previous results.Comment: six pages and six figures in the submission. Reformatted for Physics Review