The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Safeguarding people living in vulnerable conditions in the COVID-19 era through universal health coverage and social protection

The COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented. The pandemic not only induced a public health crisis, but has led to severe economic, social, and educational crises. Across economies and societies, the distributional consequences of the pandemic have been uneven. Among groups living in vulnerable conditions, the pandemic substantially magnified the inequality gaps, with possible negative implications for these individuals' long-term physical, socioeconomic, and mental wellbeing. This Viewpoint proposes priority, programmatic, and policy recommendations that governments, resource partners, and relevant stakeholders should consider in formulating medium-term to long-term strategies for preventing the spread of COVID-19, addressing the virus's impacts, and decreasing health inequalities. The world is at a never more crucial moment, requiring collaboration and cooperation from all sectors to mitigate the inequality gaps and improve people's health and wellbeing with universal health coverage and social protection, in addition to implementation of the health in all policies approach

Agricultural Research Bulletins, Nos. 448-488

Volume 33, Bulletins 448-488. (448) Management Aspects of School Lunch Programs in Iowa; (449) Optimum Farm Plans for Beginning Tenant Farmers on Clarion-Webster Soils (An Application of Linear Programming); (450) Farm Planning for Maximum Profits on the Cresco-Clyde Soils in Northeast Iowa, And Comparison of Farm and Nonfarm Incomes for Beginning Farmers (An Application of Linear Programming; (451) Analysis of Returns from Farm and Nonfarm Employment Opportunities on Shelby-Grundy-Haig Soils; (452) Social Status and Occupational Prospects of Married Farm Laborers in Cherokee County, Iowa 1949; (453) Load Characteristics of Selected Highly Electrified Iowa Farms; (454) Application of Input-Output Analysis to a Regional Model Stressing Agriculture; (455) Economic Optima in Soil Conservation Farming and Fertilizer Use for Farms in the Ida-Monona Soil Area of Western Iowa; (456) Plans for Beginning Farmers in Southwest Iowa with Comparison of Farm and Nonfarm Income Opportunities; (457) Seasonal Changes in Soil Moisture as Related to Rainfall, Soil Type and Crop Growth; (458) Research on Irrigation of Corn and Soybeans at Conesville and Ankeny, Iowa, 1951 to 1959; (459) Effects of the Federal Programs for Corn and Other Grains on Corn Prices, Feed Grains Production and Livestock Production; (460) Soil Erosion Control in Process in Western Iowa; (461) Relative Efficiencies of Farm Tenure Classes in Intrafirm Resource Allocation; (462) New Procedures in Estimating Feed Substitution Rates and in Determining Economic Efficiency in Pork Production: II. Replacement Rates of Corn and Soybean Oilmeal in Fortified Rations for Growing-Fattening Swine on Pasture; (463) Fertilizer Production Functions for Corn and Oats: Including an Analysis of Irrigated and Residual Response; (464) Comparison of Methods and Blowers for the Purity Analysis of Kentucky Bluegrass Seed; (465) Evaluation of Some Soil Moisture Characteristics of Iowa Soils; (466) Progress and Problems in the Iowa Soil Conservation Districts Program: A Pilot Study of the Jasper Soil Conservation District; (467) Application of Linear Programming to the Study of Supply Responses in Dairying; (468) Food Intakes of 2,189 Women in Five North Central States; (469) Input-Output Analysis Emphasizing Regional and Commodity Sectors of Agriculture; (470) Educational Needs of Three Socio-Economic Groups of Rural Homemakers in Iowa; (471) Changes in Supply Functions and Supply Elasticities in Hog Production; (472) Production Surfaces and Economic Optima for Corn Yields with Respect to Stand and Nitrogen Levels; (473) Forecasting Beef Cattle and Hog Prices by Quarter-Years; (474) Statistical Analysis of Certain Institutional Variables in the Butter and Margarine Market; (475) Use of a Dynamic Model in Programming Optimum Conservation Farm Plans on Ida-Monona Soils; (476) Alternative parity Formula for Agriculture; (477) Consumer Preferences for Pork, Des Moines, Iowa; (478) Economy of Innovations in Dairy Farming and Adjustments to Increase Resource Returns; (479) Iowa Farm Operators' and Farm Landlords' Knowledge of, Participation in and Acceptance of the Old Age and Survivors Insurance Program; (480) Adjustments to Meet Changes in Prices and to Improve Incomes on Dairy Farms in Northeastern Iowa; (481) Analysis of Income Possibilities From Farm Adjustments in Southern Iowa: Including Production of Grade B Milk; (482) Biology of a Large Mayfly, Hexagenia bilineata (Say), of the Upper Mississippi River; (483) Biology and Possible Control of Nuisance Caddisflies of the Upper Mississippi River; (484) Cometitive Position of Small Dairy Herds on North-Central Iowa Farms; (485) Theories of Choice in Relation to Farmer Decisions; (486) Profit-Maximizing Plans and Static Supply Schedules for Fluid Milk in the Des Moines Milkshed; (487) Programming Procedures for Farm and Home Planning Under Variable Price, Yield and Capital Quantities; (488) Application of Game Theory Models to Decisions on Farm Practices and Resource Use</p

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least 4 m. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the 6.5 m James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 yr, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit