Category formation and the role of spectral quality in the perception and production of English front vowels

This study aimed at comparing the perception and production of English front vowels by 17 proficient Brazilian speakers of English as a second language (L2) and 6 native speakers of American English. Towards this end, three experiments were carried out: (i) a production test measuring the first two formants of the participants ’ English front vowels, (ii) an oddity discrimination test investigating the formation of vowel categories, and (iii) a discrimination test with synthetic stimuli which assessed the participants ’ reliance on spectral quality when perceiving English vowels. The results of these experiments suggest a strong relationship between L2 vowel perception and production, since the vowel pairs which were produced with similar formant values by the Brazilian participants were also poorly discriminated in the two perception tests. In addition, the findings suggest that vowel perception might precede vowel production, as high rates on the discrimination of vowel pairs on both perception tests were a prerequisite for differentiating the same two vowels on the production test. Lastly, some Brazilian participants obtained native-like scores on the category formation test without manifesting native-like reliance on spectral quality, indicating that other acoustic cues, such as vowel duration, might be playing a role in their perception of English vowels. Index Terms: vowel perception, vowel production, English 1

Effects of fumonisin B1 on selected biological responses and performance of broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of three doses of fumonisin B1 (0, 100, and 200mg/kg of feed) on biological variables (relative weight of liver [RWL], total plasma protein [TPP], albumin [Alb], calcium [Ca], phosphorus [P], uric acid [UA], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], gamma glutamyltransferase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [AP], total cholesterol [Chol], triglycerides [Tri], sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio [SA:SO], and C-reactive protein [CRP]), morphological evaluation of the small intestine (villus height [VH], crypt depth [CD], and villus-to-crypt ratio [V:C]), histological evaluation, and on performance (body weight [BW], feed intake [FI], and feed conversion rate [FCR]) of broiler chickens. Significant effects of FB were observed on BW and FI (reduced), on RWL, TPP, Ca, ALT, AST, GGT, Chol, and Tri (increased) at both 14 and 28 days evaluations. In addition, significant increase was observed on FCR, Alb, P, SA:SO, and CRP and significant reduction in UA, VH, and V:C only at the 28 days evaluation. Significant histological lesions were observed on liver and kidney of FB inoculated broilers at 14 and 28 days. Those results show that FB has a significant effect on biological and histological variables and on performance of broiler chickens

Influence of package, type of apple juice and temperature on the production of patulin by byssochlamys nivea and byssochlamys fulva

Although the production of patulin in apple fruits is mainly by Penicillium expansum, there is no information on the ability of heat resistant moulds that may survive pasteurization to produce this mycotoxin in juice packages during storage and distribution. In this study, the production of patulin by Byssochlamys spp (Byssochlamys nivea FRR 4421, B. nivea ATCC 24008 and Byssochlamys fulva IOC 4518) in cloudy and clarified apple juices packaged in laminated paperboard packages or in polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PET) and stored at both 21 °C and 30 °C, was investigated. The three Byssochlamys strains were able to produce patulin in both cloudy and clarified apple juices. Overall, the lower the storage temperature, the lower the patulin levels and mycelium dry weight in the apple juices (p < 0.05). The greatest variations in pH and °Brix were observed in the juices from which the greatest mycelium dry weights were recovered. The maximum levels of patulin recovered from the juices were ca. 150 μg/kg at 21 °C and 220 μg/kg at 30 °C. HPLC-UV, HPCL-DAD and mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the ability of B. fulva IOC 4518 to produce patulin. Due to the heat resistance of B. nivea and B. fulva and their ability to produce patulin either in PET bottles or in laminated paperboard packages, the control of contamination and the incidence of these fungi should be a matter of concern for food safety. Control measures taken by juice industries must also focus on controlling the ascospores of heat resistant moulds1421/2156163CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informaçãoSem informaçãoSem informaçã

Influence of package, type of apple juice and temperature on the production of patulin by Byssochlamys nivea and Byssochlamys fulva

Although the production of patulin in apple fruits is mainly by Penicillium expansum, there is no information on the ability of heat resistant moulds that may survive pasteurization to produce this mycotoxin in juice packages during storage and distribution. In this study, the production of patulin by Byssochlamys spp (Byssochlamys nivea FRR 4421, B. nivea ATCC 24008 and Byssochlamys fulva IOC 4518) in cloudy and clarified apple juices packaged in laminated paperboard packages or in polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PET) and stored at both 21 degrees C and 30 degrees C, was investigated. The three Byssochlamys strains were able to produce patulin in both cloudy and clarified apple juices. Overall, the lower the storage temperature, the lower the patulin levels and mycelium dry weight in the apple juices (p<0.05). The greatest variations in pH and degrees Brix were observed in the juices from which the greatest mycelium dry weights were recovered. The maximum levels of patulin recovered from the juices were ca. 150 mu g/kg at 21 degrees C and 220 mu g/kg at 30 degrees C. HPLC-UV, HPCL-DAD and mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the ability of B. fulva IOC 4518 to produce patulin. Due to the heat resistance of B. nivea and B. fulva and their ability to produce patulin either in PET bottles or in laminated paperboard packages, the control of contamination and the incidence of these fungi should be a matter of concern for food safety. Control measures taken by juice industries must also focus on controlling the ascospores of heat resistant moulds. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel de Superior (CAPES)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundo de Apoio Ao Ensino, a Pesquisa e a Extensao (FAEPEX-UNICAMP)[282/06]Fundo de Apoio Ao Ensino, a Pesquisa e a Extensao (FAEPEX-UNICAMP)Fundo de Apoio Ao Ensino, a Pesquisa e a Extensao (FAEPEX-UNICAMP)Fundo de Apoio Ao Ensino, a Pesquisa e a Extensao (FAEPEX-UNICAMP)[129/07]Prodetab (Embrapa)Prodetab (Embrapa

Influence of package, type of apple juice and temperature on the production of patulin by Byssochlamys nivea and Byssochlamys fulva

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Although the production of patulin in apple fruits is mainly by Penicillium expansum, there is no information on the ability of heat resistant moulds that may survive pasteurization to produce this mycotoxin in juice packages during storage and distribution. In this study, the production of patulin by Byssochlamys spp (Byssochlamys nivea FRR 4421, B. nivea ATCC 24008 and Byssochlamys fulva IOC 4518) in cloudy and clarified apple juices packaged in laminated paperboard packages or in polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PET) and stored at both 21 degrees C and 30 degrees C, was investigated. The three Byssochlamys strains were able to produce patulin in both cloudy and clarified apple juices. Overall, the lower the storage temperature, the lower the patulin levels and mycelium dry weight in the apple juices (p<0.05). The greatest variations in pH and degrees Brix were observed in the juices from which the greatest mycelium dry weights were recovered. The maximum levels of patulin recovered from the juices were ca. 150 mu g/kg at 21 degrees C and 220 mu g/kg at 30 degrees C. HPLC-UV, HPCL-DAD and mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the ability of B. fulva IOC 4518 to produce patulin. Due to the heat resistance of B. nivea and B. fulva and their ability to produce patulin either in PET bottles or in laminated paperboard packages, the control of contamination and the incidence of these fungi should be a matter of concern for food safety. Control measures taken by juice industries must also focus on controlling the ascospores of heat resistant moulds. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1421/Fev156163Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundo de Apoio Ao Ensino, a Pesquisa e a Extensao (FAEPEX-UNICAMP)[282/06]Fundo de Apoio Ao Ensino, a Pesquisa e a Extensao (FAEPEX-UNICAMP)[129/07]Prodetab (Embrapa)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

A cross-dialect acoustic description of vowels: Brazilian and European Portuguese

a

A cross-dialect acoustic description of vowels: Brazilian and European Portuguese

This paper examines four acoustic correlates of vowel identity in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and European Portuguese (EP): first formant (F1), second formant (F2), duration, and fundamental frequency (F0). Both varieties of Portuguese display some cross-linguistically common phenomena: vowel-intrinsic duration, vowel-intrinsic pitch, gender-dependent size of the vowel space, gender-dependent duration, and a skewed symmetry in F1 between front and back vowels. Also, the average difference between the vocal tract sizes associated with /i/ and /u/, as measured from formant analyses, is comparable to the average difference between male and female vocal tract sizes. A language-specific phenomenon is that in both varieties of Portuguese the vowel-intrinsic duration effect is larger than in many other languages. Differences between BP and EP are found in duration (BP has longer stressed vowels than EP), in F1 (the lower-mid front vowel approaches its higher-mid counterpart more closely in EP than in BP), and in the size of the intrinsic pitch effect (larger for BP than for EP)

Descripción de las especies

Chromolaena squarroso-ramosaHierbas perennes, erectas, de 0,5 a 1 metros de altura, con raíces fibrosas y tallos muy ramificados, pubescentes. Estado vegetativo: Hojas distantes, pecioladas, simples, ovado-deltoideas u ovado-rómbicas, redondeadas o cuneadas en la base, margen aserrado, opuestas, de 2,5-7 x 1,5-4 cm, ligeramente pubescentes.Estado reproductivo: Capítulos numerosos, pequeños, homógamos y discoides, agrupados en dicasios muy laxos. Involucro acampanado - cilíndrico, de 6,5 - 8 x 4 - 5,5 mm.; flores tubulosas, azules o violáceas. Cipselas prismáticas, negruzcas. Papus blanco, con más de 20 cerdas.Urolepis hecatanthaPLANTA: Hierbas anuales, erectas, poco ramificadas, de 0,5 a 1,5 metros de alto, con tallos glanduloso-pubescentes. Estado vegetativo: Hojas pecioladas, simples, coriáceas anchamente ovadas, acorazonadas, acuminadas, levemente aserradas, opuestas, de 5-10 x 5-10 cm, ligeramente pubescentes.Estado reproductivo: Capítulos numerosos, homógamos y discoides, agrupados en panículas corimbiformes densas. Involucro acampanado a angostamente cilíndrico, de 4-6 x 8-10 mm.; flores tubulosas, rosadas o fucsias; ramas del estilo exertas en la antesis. Cipselas prismáticas, negruzcas. Papus con más de 20 cerdas.Fil: Ahumada, Osvaldo Héctor. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy; ArgentinaFil: Alonso, S.. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Amuchástegui A.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; ArgentinaFil: Braun, Karen. Secretaria de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Cáceres, E.. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Cantero, J.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; ArgentinaFil: Chaila, Salvador. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Cipriotti, Pablo Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Collantes, Marta Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia; ArgentinaFil: D’Alfonso, C.. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: de Marco, N.. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: de Villalobos, M. E.. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Delucchi, Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Echeverría, María Lis. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Escartin, Celina Andrea. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Galetti, Luciano Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gil, M, E,. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Giunti, Sebastián. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: González, A.. No especifíca;Fil: Grossi, Mariana Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División de Plantas Vasculares; ArgentinaFil: Gutiérrez, Daniel Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Hurrell, Julio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Leaden, María Inés. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Lobato Echeverría, R. A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Long, Maria Andrea. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: López, M. G.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Mattenella, M.. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Maturo, Hernán Mauro. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Mulko, José. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; ArgentinaFil: Núñez, C.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; ArgentinaFil: Oakley, Luis Jorge. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Palou, D.. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Prado, Darien Eros. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Puntieri, Javier Guido. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones En Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Subsede Junín de Los Andes-inibioma-centro de Ecología Aplicada del Neuquén (cean) | Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones En Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Subsede Junín de Los Andes-inibioma-centro de Ecología Aplicada del Neuquén (cean).; ArgentinaFil: Rauber, Ruth Bibiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional la Pampa-san Luis. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis. Agencia de Extension Rural Villa Mercedes.; ArgentinaFil: Roncaglia, Ricardo Venancio Roberto. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz, G.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Scaramuzzino, Rosa Lourdes. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Sobrero, Maria Teresa. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Troiani, H. O.. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Vanni, O.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Villamil, Carlos Baldomero. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentin