'Slippage' : The Bane of Rural Drinking Water Sector (A Study of Extent and Causes in Andhra Pradesh)

Slippage is one of the main bottlenecks of achieving full coverage of water and sanitation services in India. Slippage is the term often used to reflect unsustainable service delivery of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, especially in rural areas. Off late slippage is attracting attention at the policy level though slippage is as old as the coverage of water supply services. This paper makes an attempt to identify the causes of slippage in a systematic manner. The broad objectives of the paper include : i) assess the extent of slippage at the national and state level; ii) identify the causes of slippage at various levels; and iii) provide some pointers for policy based on the analysis. The extent of slippage is quite substantial even at the aggregate level. The situation is alarming in some of the states where the extent of slippage is as high as 60 percent. Our analysis at the national, state and habitation levels suggests strongly that policy makers should look beyond the often repeated supply sided strategies. As evident from the experience of Andhra Pradesh, the demand side and governance factors play an equally, if not more, important role in addressing the sustainability issues. So far the experiences are that large investments in water sector would not automatically lead to increase in coverage. The sector also needs a sound policy and capacity so that money is spent effectively and leads to increased water security. The policy should also address resource sustainability and behavioural change goals instead of relying upon a one-sided target driven approach. These aspects are highlighted in the proposed guidelines and their effective implementation needs to be ensured.slippage, India, supply side strategies, policy

Kesinoniman Verba Oriru Dalam Bahasa Jepang (Kajian Semantik)

Oriruin Japanesewhichmeans ''turun ''in Indonesian has an unique characteristicsdue to it has twokanjis, (降りる)and(下りる). Based on its semantic meaning, oriru verb of A could be substituted for oriru verb of B in a sentence which describes a down movement of vehicle. Besides, oriru verb of A isused to describe the down motion in a change of venue, while下りる is merely used to describethe down motion

Pendugaan Umur Simpan Jagung Manis Berdasarkan Kandungan Total Padatan Terlarut Dengan Model Arrhenius

Sweet corn has short shelf life at room temperature storage in the tropical countries (28-33°C). The quality deterioration of sweet corn can be determined by the decrease of its sugar content. The study aimed to estimate the shelf life of sweet corn based on the reduction of its total soluble solid (TSS) by using Arrhenius model. The samples were prepared from fresh harvested corn stored for 10 days at 3 different temperatures of 5, 15 and 28 °C. Total soluble solid (TSS) were analyzed every day by using abbe refractrometer. Organoleptic analysis was used by using hedonic scales from 1 to 7. The analysis was conducted until respondents had graded the samples at score 5 (dislike slightly), 6 (dislike) and approaches can be used to calculate the shelf life of sweet corn. The acceleration factor for the TSS degradation at null approach, it was estimated that if the sweet corn were stored at temperature of 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5°C, the shelf temperatures, the shelf life of sweet corn would be 3.7, 4.5, 5.6, 6.8, 8.4, and 10.3 days. In conclusion, the shelf life predictions of sweet corn were valid well with the experimental results

Functional Foods

As we are moving into the 21st century, the world's demand for food is becoming ever greater. In the poorest nations, the lack of availability of food supply leading to micronutrient deficiencies. In contrast, in developed countries, people enjoy a greater varieties and quantity of foods leading to the effect to overnutrition (obesity, heart disease, and cancer). In response, the concept of food is changing from an emphasis on health maintenance to promoting better health by helping to prevent chronic illness. Functional foods are design to help people to rerduce their risks of some diseases (by preventing) through readily available, good-tasting diets rather than through the use of curative measures only. The distribution of potential ingredients in functional foods are dietary fiber (40 %), calcium (20 %), oligosaccharides (20 %), lactic acid bacteria (10 %) and other (10 %). The perspective of Western and Eastern, somehow, are not totally competent. People living in the Eastern hemisphere believe that certain food had a therapeuticbenefit. Whereas those living in Western are considered to be more conscious in their health. The food industries and government agencies have the agreement to establish definition and substantiation for functional food. This aims to protect the consumer and build consumer confidence

Gerak Tangan Sebagai Isyarat Dalam Masyarakat Jepang Dan Masyarakat Indonesia

This article describes phenomenon of similarities and differences gestures which have similarities and differences in the interpretation of the meaning of Japan society and Indonesia society. In Japan society and Indonesia society, equations of motion cues with similar meaning indicating similarities mindsets. In contrast, differences in gestures with different meanings show different mindset. This paper also describes some cases phenomenon of gesture interpretation misunderstandings caused by cultural differences between speaker and listener. To learn a language, is to learn the culture contained therei

THE ANALYSIS OF THEMATIC PROGRESSION IN EVALUATING EFL WRITING

There have been efforts to solve students’s problems of writing difficulties in EFL class. However, the investigation on the features of the students’s written discourse regarding the Thematic Progression is rarely done. The present study aims to explore that the notion of thematic progression can be helpful as an important tool at the level of discourse for the teacher to evaluate EFL writing. The focus in the study is to answer several research questions in which involving the thematic progression, and textual cohesion and coherence in EFL writing. To address this issue the writers have analysed a sample of 20 compositions written by students learning English as Foreign language in term of their thematic progression. The data for this investigation were collected through interview, classroom observation, and the review of students’ written works. This analysis has enabled the writers to find the common problems they had for textual cohesion and coherence in EFL writing

Parenting Style to Support The Cognitive Development of Early Childhood

Parents are responsible for the parenting of their children. The parenting style has a very big effect on child development. However, not all types of parenting styles can improve child cognitive competence. This is due to parents’ limited understanding of parenting styles.  This study aims to reveal and analyze the role of parenting styles to support the cognitive development of early childhood. This research uses a qualitative method with a library study approach. Data obtained through the study and analysis of literature related to parenting, such as scientific articles and books. The result of literature reviews show that parenting styles play a very important role in the cognitive development of early childhood. The most appropriate and dominant parenting style in optimizing the cognitive competence of early childhood is the authoritative style. This style has the highest demand and response, and it prioritizes warmth, encouragement, and care about early childhood.The authoritative style is believed to be suitable for the need and characteristics of early childhood cognitive development. Keywords: Parenting Style, Cognitive Development, Early Childhoo