A comprehensive review: SnO2 for photovoltaic and gas sensor applications

184-193Tin oxide is remarkable material in today’s research era due to its unique properties in electrical and optical fields. Due to its wide band gap (3.6 eV), it has been used as a core material in many important applications in the field of optoelectronics, spintronics, photovoltaic, thin-film transistors, photocatalysis, dielectrics, sensors and transparent electronic devices. Thin film technology provides many advantages towards photovoltaic area which includes low cost, less material and energy consumption and easy to access. Fabrication of photovoltaic cells by SnO2 thin films can open the different technological routes for future generation with excellent conversion efficiencies which may range 15% to 20%. It is one of the best candidates for gas sensor applications too with highest sensitivity and selectivity behavior, good oxidizing power, strong chemical bonding, non toxicity and unique transport properties. Tin oxide thin films with various combinations of materials can be synthesized by chemical and physical routes. The detailed advancement in various preparation methods and characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have been presented and discussed by authors. Characteristics measurement by Valence Band Structure, Photoluminence Intensity and Scanning Electron Microscope has been also reported with their performance, effect of solar energy conversion efficiency and quick response time in case of gas sensors. Prospective areas of SnO2 research for photovoltaic and gas sensor applications has been discussed and summarized by the authors. The obtained results will illustrate the possibilities of scheming Physical, chemical, magnetic and optical properties of SnO2 for sensing devices and photovoltaic applications

YOGA PRACTICE HELPS IN SPORT AND GAMES

Yoga is a profound system of holistic health which originated in India over 5,000 years ago. It was first put into written form as the Yoga Sutras by Patanjali

A comprehensive review: SnO2 for photovoltaic and gas sensor applications

Tin oxide is remarkable material in today’s research era due to its unique properties in electrical and optical fields. Due to its wide band gap (3.6 eV), it has been used as a core material in many important applications in the field of optoelectronics, spintronics, photovoltaic, thin-film transistors, photocatalysis, dielectrics, sensors and transparent electronic devices. Thin film technology provides many advantages towards photovoltaic area which includes low cost, less material and energy consumption and easy to access. Fabrication of photovoltaic cells by SnO2 thin films can open the different technological routes for future generation with excellent conversion efficiencies which may range 15% to 20%. It is one of the best candidates for gas sensor applications too with highest sensitivity and selectivity behavior, good oxidizing power, strong chemical bonding, non toxicity and unique transport properties. Tin oxide thin films with various combinations of materials can be synthesized by chemical and physical routes. The detailed advancement in various preparation methods and characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have been presented and discussed by authors. Characteristics measurement by Valence Band Structure, Photoluminence Intensity and Scanning Electron Microscope has been also reported with their performance, effect of solar energy conversion efficiency and quick response time in case of gas sensors. Prospective areas of SnO2 research for photovoltaic and gas sensor applications has been discussed and summarized by the authors. The obtained results will illustrate the possibilities of scheming Physical, chemical, magnetic and optical properties of SnO2 for sensing devices and photovoltaic applications

Machine Learning May Sometimes Simply Capture LiteraturePopularity Trends: A Case Study of Heterocyclic Suzuki-MiyauraCoupling br

Applications of machine learning (ML) to synthetic chemistry rely on the assumption that large numbers ofliterature-reported examples should enable construction of accurate and predictive models of chemical reactivity. This paperdemonstrates that abundance of carefully curated literature data may be insufficient for this purpose. Using an example of Suzuki-Miyaura coupling with heterocyclic building blocks & xe0d5;and a carefully selected database of >10,000 literature examples & xe0d5;we show thatML models cannot offer any meaningful predictions of optimum reaction conditions, even if the search space is restricted to onlysolvents and bases. This result holds irrespective of the ML model applied (from simple feed-forward to state-of-the-art graph-convolution neural networks) or the representation to describe the reaction partners (variousfingerprints, chemical descriptors,latent representations, etc.). In all cases, the ML methods fail to perform significantly better than naive assignments based on thesheer frequency of certain reaction conditions reported in the literature. These unsatisfactory results likely reflect subjectivepreferences of various chemists to use certain protocols, other biasing factors as mundane as availability of certain solvents/reagents,and/or a lack of negative data. Thesefindings highlight the likely importance of systematically generating reliable and standardizeddata sets for algorithm training

Synthesis and evaluation of 3-amino/guanidine substituted phenyl oxazoles as a novel class of LSD1 inhibitors with anti-proliferative properties

A series of functionalized phenyl oxazole derivatives was designed, synthesized and screened in vitro for their activities against LSD1 and for effects on viability of cervical and breast cancer cells, and in vivo for effects using zebrafish embryos. These compounds are likely to act via multiple epigenetic mechanisms specific to cancer cells including LSD1 inhibition

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Not AvailableBt cotton are plants that have been genetically modified to express the insecticidal proteins Cry 1 Ac from subspecies of the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bt), to control bollworm pest that feed on cotton. There is a persistent environmental concern that transgenic Bt-crops carry genes that have indirect undesirable effect to natural and agro– ecosystem function. We investigated the effect of Bt-cotton (with Cry 1 Ac gene) on several microbial and biochemical indicators in fields under subhumid tropical condition. Twenty five fields were selected in the Vidarbha region, India, where Bt-cotton has been growing at least three consecutive years and side by side field of non-transgenic cotton is growing under clay to clay loam soil. Soil from a control (no-crop) treatment was also included from each area to compare the extent of adverse effect of Bt, if any. Samples were analyzed for actinobacteria, fungi and nitrifiers population, biomass carbon (MBC), biomass nitrogen (MBN), biomass phosphorus (MBP) and soil enzyme activities. The result revealed a significant decline in actinobacteria (17%), bacterial (14%) count as well as acid phosphatases (27%), phytase (18%), nitrogenase (23%) and dehydrogenase (12%) activities in Bt cotton compared with non-Bt cotton fields. Fungal and nitrifiers counts and esterase and alkaline phosphatase activities were not affected by the introduction of Bt-cotton in fields. However, significant decline between 8 and 9% in MBC and MBN was also noticed.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTo understand the soil health under continuous cultivation after using organic and chemical inputs, a survey was conducted under Uttarakhand, Navdanya farm areas, where farmers was selected who were practicing both chemical and organic inputs under different crops at least more than 5 years. The effect of most important crops growing under Uttarakhand i.e wheat, potato, garlic, mustard, chick pea, chilli and pumpkin was taken into consideration. The results clearly suggested that a significant decline in most important soil enzyme activities like dehydrogenase, esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase under chemical farming as compared to organic farming. The microbial population especially fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, azotobacter and nitrosomonas was significantly higher under organic farming areas than chemical farming. The results clearly showed that organic farming has a great role to maintain excellent microbial and enzyme activities resulted better soil health status.Not Availabl

Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some novel derivatives of 1-{[3-(furan-2-yl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]methyl}-4-methyl piperazine

A novel series of 1-{[3-(furan-2-yl)-5-substituted phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]methyl}-4-methyl piperazine, compounds 3a–l have been synthesized. The synthetic work was carried out beginning from 2-acetylfuran through Claisen Schmidt condensation with different types of aromatic aldehyde, affording 1-(furan-2-yl)-3-substitutedphenylprop-2-en-1-ones which on cyclization with hydroxylamine hydrochloride resulted in 3-(furan-2-yl)-5-substitutedphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazole formation. The isoxazolines were subjected to Mannich’s reaction in the presence of N-methyl piperazine to produce the desired product. The chemical structures of the compounds were proved by IR, 1H NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass spectrometric data. The antidepressant activities of the compounds were investigated by Porsolt’s behavioral despair (forced swimming) test on albino mice. Moreover, the antianxiety activity of the newly synthesized compounds was investigated by the plus maze method. Compounds 3a and 3k reduced the duration of immobility times of 152.00–152.33% at 10 mg/kg dose level and compounds 3a and 3k have also shown significant antianxiety activity

Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diaryl Acetamides, Benzofurans, Benzophenones, and Xanthenes by Transition-Metal-Free Oxidative Cross-Coupling of <i>sp</i>³ and <i>sp</i>² C–H Bonds

A chemo- and regioselective intermolecular <i>sp</i>³ C–H and <i>sp</i>² C–H coupling reaction for C–C bond formation is described to access unsymmetrical diaryl acetamides under TM-free conditions from <i>sec</i>- and <i>tert</i>-arylacetamides and nitroarenes using <i>tert</i>-butoxide base in DMSO at room temperature. The coupling partners with sensitive functionalities such as chloro, bromo, hydroxy, and cyano were also amenable to the developed reaction. Synthesized α-(2/4-nitroaryl) phenylacetamides have been transformed into biologically important benzofurans, xanthenes, diaryl indoles, and unsymmetrical benzophenones by novel routes without applying a transition metal. Overall, an economical, yet efficient, strategy has been devised to access unsymmetrical diarylacetamides with the possibility of their further elaboration into a variety of biologically important heterocycles. Mechanistic understanding suggests that the reaction proceeds by a nucleophilic addition of a phenylacetamide carbanion, which is generated in the presence of <i>tert</i>-butoxide base, to the <i>para</i> or <i>ortho</i> (if <i>para</i> is substituted) position of nitrobenzene. The formed α-(4-nitro­cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl) phenylacetamide anion intermediate oxidized by a basic solution of DMSO or atmospheric oxygen led to the desired <i>sp</i>³ C–H and <i>sp</i>² C–H coupled α-(2/4-nitroaryl) phenylacetamides