Radiotherapy after mastectomy for screen-detected ductal carcinoma in situ

Background. A role for radiotherapy after mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is unclear. Using a prospective audit of DCIS detected through the NHS Breast Screening Programme we sought to determine a rationale for the use of postmastectomy radiotherapy for DCIS. Methods. Over a nine year period, from 9,972 patients with screen-detected DCIS and complete surgical, pathology, radiotherapy and follow up data, 2,944 women underwent mastectomy for DCIS of whom 33 (1.12%) received radiotherapy. Results. Use of post mastectomy radiotherapy was significantly associated with a close (<1mm) pathology margin, particularly (χ2(1) 95.81; p<0.00001), DCIS size (χ2 (3) 16.96; p<0.001) and the presence of microinvasion (χ2(1) 3.92; p<0.05). At median follow up 61 months, no woman who received radiotherapy had an ipsilateral further event, and only 1/33 women (3.0%) had a contralateral event. Of the women known not to have had radiotherapy post mastectomy, 45/2,894 (1.6%) had an ipsilateral further event and 83 (2.9%) had a contralateral event. Conclusion: For DCIS treated by mastectomy, a close (<1mm) margin, large tumour size and microinvasion, may merit radiotherapy to reduce ipsilateral recurrence

High Speed Capacitor-Inverter Based Carbon Nanotube Full Adder

Abstract Carbon Nanotube filed-effect transistor (CNFET) is one of the promising alternatives to the MOS transistors. The geometry-dependent threshold voltage is one of the CNFET characteristics, which is used in the proposed Full Adder cell. In this paper, we present a high speed Full Adder cell using CNFETs based on majority-not (Minority) function. Presented design uses eight transistors and eight capacitors. Simulation results show significant improvement in terms of delay and power-delay product in comparison to contemporary CNFET Adder Cells. Simulations were carried out using HSPICE based on CNFET model with 0.6 V VDD.</p

Evaluation of Different Mi Situation Such As Emotional Stress, Physical Activity, Rest, … at Time of Mi Presentation

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that various factors such as emotional stress can trigger of MI in susceptible persons. More studies are needed to evaluate the characteristics of patients regarding to emotional stress, heavy work, routine activity, infection or rest before occurrence of MI. Methods: We studied 608 consecutive hospitalized in CCUs from May 2000 to October 2001. For patients, questionnaires including demographic, clinical and paraclinical characteristics were completed and data analyzed. Results: In this study rest (33.4%) and ordinary activity (32.4%) were more prevalent among the MI situations and infection had the lowest prevalence (0.7%). In patients higher than 45 years we had similar results, but in age group younger than 45 year ordinary activity (30.6%) and after heavy work (20.8%) had the highest prevalence before occurring of MI. In Diabetic patients, MI developed in sleep situation more frequently.(17.8%),(P=0.03) 52.5% of MI mortality occurred in rest situation.(P=0.009) Conclusion: Rest had the highest prevalence of MI compared to other situations but in age group younger than 45 years MI after heavy work had the highest prevalence. Autonomic neuropathy may be one of the reason of higher prevalence of MI in sleep situation