Enzymatic Synthesis of Palm Based Fatty Monoethanolamide

Fatty monoethanolamides, derived from a reaction between triglyceride, palm kernel olein (PKL) or free fatty acids and primary amine alcohol, monoethanolamine (MEA) can be synthesised enzymatically, under milder conditions than the energy intensive chemical reaction. Mixture of palm based fatty monoethanolamide was successfully obtained from the reaction between PKL and MEA in the presence of enzyme with better yield than the control experiment (without enzyme). The various individual fatty monoethanolamides were also obtained from the reaction between free fatty acids (ClOCIS) and MEA after the isolation and purification processes. The various fatty monoethanolamides were used as standards for the analysis of product mixture. Fatty monoethanolamides were characterised by infra-red spectroscopy (IR), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC). Gas chromatograph was also used for the quantitative analysis to calculate percent yield by using internal standard method

Crystallization of thermostable lipase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans IBRL-nra

Crystallization of a protein is a process of formation of a solid crystal from a homogeneous solution which leads to the knowledge of its three dimensional structures and it plays important role in designing and engineering protein for specific purposes. Thermostable lipases are commercially significant for their potential use in industries as it is stable and active in organic solvents, possess a wide range of substrate specificity, resistance to high temperature and chemical denaturation. The purified thermostable lipase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans IBRL-nra was screened for crystal formation using Hampton Research screening kit, HR2-121 and HR2-122 using hanging drop vapour diffusion and microbatch methods. Microcrystals and rod clusters grew from mixtures in formulation 14, 20, 21 and 38 of HR2-121 and formulation 14, 16, 32 and 45 of HR2-122. Further enhancement of the parameters was carried out for the formation of well-defined crystal. The parameters tested are pH (4.6, 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5) and concentration of CaCl2 (0.15-0.38M

Sound exposure and water supply modification effect towards the ross broilers growth rate

Previous research about the exposure of Mozart music and noise and the effects towards the feeding, growth rate and the stress level of the broilers were explored.Music has the ability to have a relaxing and antidepressant effect on humans, mammals and birds. Reports that music calms animals and improves productivity appear in commercial journals. The present study investigated the growth rate comparisons between the experimented broilers (Group A: water supply modification group; Group B: sound exposure group) and the control broilers (Group C: control group) in terms of weight and raw meat texture measured by shear force. The water supply modification group was given 12 litres of Yasin water twice per day while the sound exposure group were broadcasted with sound of Quran verses. Twenty-seven broilers were randomly selected from each group on Day 24 and weight measurement was carried out every week until the harvest day (Day 39). Group B showed a higher mean weight on Day 24 (1.441 ± 0.013 kg) than Group A and C. Significant difference in the weight on Day 39 existed for both Group A and B compared to Group C (p 0.05) difference of shear force in the same muscles (breast and drumstick raw meat) of the three groups but the shear force of the breast meat for Group A, B and C broilers was lower (p < 0.05) than that of their drumstick meat. Broadcasting the sound of the Quran verses in the coop and adding Yasin water to the broilers’ drink can be applied to improve the growth rate of broilers for producing better quality poultry

Prediction of texture of raw poultry meat by visible and near–infrared reflectance spetroscopy

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a non-destructive, low cost and fast measurement technique that is required to improve the meat texture quality prediction. In this research, visible/NIR spectroscopy has been used for the prediction of raw chicken meat texture from different types of chickens by referring to the reference data obtained from destructive measurement using a Volodkevich Bite Jaws texture analyser. The Partial Least Squares analysis shows that the prediction accuracy is higher for the Az-Zain village organic chickens (85–95%) than for village chickens (42–68%) and broiler chickens (42–44%). The high prediction accuracy and low absorbance spectra of Az-Zain village organic chickens compared to broiler and village chickens could be correlated with the food composition of the chicken meal

Characteristic of Thin Sheet Membrane for a Mechanical Driven Micropump System

This paper demonstrates the characteristic of thin sheet membrane for a mechanical driven micropump system by using a spin coater machine. The moving diaphragm material is made from a PDMS prepolymer material. A 100 mm diameter petri dish is used as the mold template for the membrane fabrication. There are three variables that influence the membrane thickness formation during the spin coating process, which are the prepolymer weight, spin coater spinning rate speed and the spinning time. Based on the study, the optimum parameters to fabricate a 300 µm thin sheet membrane by using a 100 mm diameter of petri dish are 2.5 g of prepolymer, 500 rpm of spin coater speed and 180 s of spin time. These parameters yield a thin sheet membrane for the micropump application with 314.82 ± 3.6556 µm thickness

Smart home and thermal imaging technology for COVID 19 detection using the Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological advancement that is rendering the world progressively intelligent. Without IoT technology, the concept of a connected world would be inconceivable. The number of people infected with the coronavirus is on the rise. Most of them are ignorant about the virus's most common symptoms: fever or high body temperature. Owing to the rapid spread of the disease, infrared thermometers are being used everywhere to measure body temperature in places with a large population. This action is extremely effective in stopping the disease from spreading. This study identifies and outlines the features of current infrared imaging technology for thermal imaging in smart home doorbell technologies, as well as their benefit in detecting the covid-19. This technology makes use of infrared rays that are naturally emitted from the skin's surface. When a high-temperature body is detected, the thermal camera generates infrared spectra with high-intensity levels. Virtual Reality (VR) was also used to monitor and manipulate the cameras, and it was connected to the IoT. This smart doorbell system uses an infrared temperature sensor to detect visitors' body temperatures as they approach. If the doorbell detects a temperature, it will trigger a sound and illuminate corresponding LED lights to warn the visitor. The screening procedure, which involves the detected face and the detected body temperature, will be shown on the monitor. A visitor will be given an alert if their body temperature is too high

Does parallel projection is suitable in electrical capacitance tomography? -A comparison with common approach

Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) is one of the soft field tomography that widely used for the purpose of measurement and monitoring of multiphase flow. Common problem of the soft field tomography is low quality and unstable images in the pipe especially at the center section of the pipe. In this paper, an ECT system with a comparison between common approach and a parallel approach is presented. Simulation in 2 dimensions with 16-electrode is carried out to observe a potential projection. The COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to investigate the state and response of the electric field with this approach by exporting data with 128x128 pixels. Air bubbles as a phantom in the oil medium have been tested and analyzed. Linear Back-Projection Algorithm (LBP) is implemented using MATLAB software to obtain a tomogram. A Multi Scale Structural Similarity, MSSIM was applied to compare both approaches. Consequently, the resolution and quality of the pictures in the pipes can be distinguished. However, a further investigation is needed to improve the parallel approach for ECT system

Does parallel projection is suitable in electrical capacitance tomography

Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) is one of the soft field tomography that widely used for the purpose of measurement and monitoring of multiphase flow. Common problem of the soft field tomography is low quality and unstable images in the pipe especially at the center section of the pipe. In this paper, an ECT system with a comparison between common approach and a parallel approach is presented. Simulation in 2 dimensions with 16-electrode is carried out to observe a potential projection. The COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to investigate the state and response of the electric field with this approach by exporting data with 128x128 pixels. Air bubbles as a phantom in the oil medium have been tested and analyzed. Linear Back-Projection Algorithm (LBP) is implemented using MATLAB software to obtain a tomogram. A Multi Scale Structural Similarity, MSSIM was applied to compare both approaches. Consequently, the resolution and quality of the pictures in the pipes can be distinguished. However, a further investigation is needed to improve the parallel approach for ECT system