Democracy, Inequality and Economic Development: The Case of Pakistan

In this paper, we made an attempt to understand the costs and benefits of democracy for economic growth in Pakistan by analyzing the relationship between democracy and its various measures. Using instrumental variables and RALS (rth-order autoregressive least squares) estimation techniques, it is shown that during the period 1972-2005, there is only a tenuous and uncertain relationship between democracy and fiscal policy variables like expenditures, revenues and deficit; whereas democracy has no impact at all on the income inequality. Moreover, we observed that the political rights had a significant negative impact on fiscal expenditures, suggesting that with an increase in political rights, the governing institutes begin to feel themselves more accountable and as such are more circumspect in expenditures.Democracy; Political Rights; Fiscal Expenditures; Economic Growth; Income Inequality; Well-Being

EIGENVALUES, EIGENVECTORS AND THE CONJUGACY CLASSES OF THE PSEUDO-ORTHOGONAL GROUPS O(n,m)

The eigenvalues, eigenvectors and the properties of the rotation part of the orthogonal group O(3) are well-known. What can we say about the eigenval- ues and eigenvectors of the Pseudo-orthogonal group O(2,1)? The answer to this question will be presented in this paper. Generalizations of the results for these groups in higher dimensions will also be discussed. The distinction between even and odd dimensions will be emphasized

Assessing the role of amino acid residues in the transmembrane domains of the α- and γ- chains of the high-affinity receptor complex for immunoglobulin E in signal transduction.

The dramatic rise in the incidence of allergic/asthmatic disorders in the past three decades has placed a major socio-economic burden on global health care. Exocytosis of mediators causing allergic responses follows the binding, and subsequent receptor cross-linking by cognate allergen of immunoglobulin (lg) E antibodies to Fe-receptors (FcERI), expressed predominantly on mast cells and basophils. Fe-receptors have an invariant predominantly hydrophobic ammo acid motif (LFAVDTGL) in their transmembrane (TM) domain but contain a hydrophilic aspartic acid residue (D194). The function of this potentially energetically unstable residue in the TM of the human (hu) Fci,Rla subunit was targeted by transfecting the Rat Basophilic Cell line (RBL-2H3.1) with cDNA constructs encoding the gene for native and mutant huFcERia subunits and assessing receptor expression and signalling events. RBL-2H3 transfected with cDNA constructs encoding a medium-sized polar residue hufci,Rla (D194T) demonstrated the formation of a functional rat/human chimeric receptor complex which, when activated via hulgE and antigen, supports mediator release, intracellular calcium mobilisation and tyrosine phosphorylation of ychain and Syk kinase. Transfection with mutant huFci,Rla subunit cDNA constructs encoding non-polar Ile (D1941) and V (D194V), larger sized polar Arg (D194R), smaller sized polar Ser (D194S) and non-polar Ala (D194A) abrogated surface expression of huFcERia and degranulation. An established RBL y-chain deficient cell line served as a model for assessing a- and y-chains interactions through the effect of mutations introduced into the y-chain. Compared to parental RBL-2H3 cells, the RBL y-chain deficient cells supported reduced levels of FcERI expression and mediator release. Transfection of RBL y-chain deficient cells with wild-type and mutant (T22A and T22S) y-chain cDNA constructs restored FctRI expression to levels observed in the parental cell line, but only partially restored mediator release, indicating a defective secretory response. Collectively this study identifies D194 in FctRia as a potential target for developing future anti-allergic drugs that act by inhibiting the FctRI signalling cascade

Designing an algorithm for bioloid humanoid navigating in its indoor environment

Gait analyses are the preliminary requirements to establish a navigation system of a humanoid robot. Designing a suitable indoor environment and its mapping are also important for the android localization, selection of a goal to achieve it and to perform the assigned tasks in its surroundings. This paper delineates the various gaits like walking, turning, obstacle overcoming and step up-down stairs for a humanoid system. The writing also explicates the design of the indoor test environment with the stationary obstacles placed on the navigation routes. The development of an efficient algorithm is also excogitated based on the various analyses of gaits and the predefined map of the test environment. As the navigation map is predetermined, the designed algorithm animates the humanoid to navigate by selecting an optimal route, depending on some external commands, to reach at the goal position. Finally the performance of the system is analysed based on the elapsed time of the navigation action with the validation of optimal navigation strategy where the designed algorithm demonstrates the robustness of its implementation and execution

Contributions of Ibn-Sina in pharmaceutical sciences

This chapter investigates about the contribution ofIbn-Sina in pharmaceutical sciences. Ibn-Sina was the most famous physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist, mathematician and astronomer at his time. The objective of this chapter is to investigate the contribution of Ibn-Sina in pharmaceutical sciences through his book; The Canon of Medicine. Ibn-Sina is chosen among Muslims Scientists because of these reasons: Ibn-Sina is a simply best represents the Iranian-Islamic scientific culture and medicine in history and he is a well recognized and respected in science and medicine throughout the world. The methodology adopted in this chapter is library based research and data is collected from reliable sources such as articles, journals and books. This chapter explores the findings of Ibn-Sina that using different methods of medications and treatment in pharmaceutical science

Development of Fall Risk Detector for Elderly

In Malaysia, falls has become the most common injuries for elderly. Therefore, a wearable fall detector device is created to decrease the risk of serious injury among elderly. The device consists of an accelerometer (ADXL345) as a sensor, an Arduino Nano as a microcontroller, and a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) as a notifier. A group of 15 young people participated in performing several sets of different falls and ADL (daily life activities) to determine the ability of the device. The result shows a good functioning performance by 92.6% sensitivity to detect fall and 89.3% specificity in discriminate fall from daily life activity