40 research outputs found
Interactions and Pathogen Transmission Between Carnivores in Madagascar
Introduced carnivores exert considerable pressure on native predators through predation, competition and disease transmission. Improved understanding of determinant factors of interactions and pathogen transmission between introduced and endemic wildlife may help to predict disease emergence, avoid pathogen spillover and help control outbreaks. Using non-invasive camera traps, I identified areas where transmission of pathogens might happen through records of shared space-use within a protected area in Eastern Madagascar. I showed that indirect interactions between animals were more likely to occur near the research station which may constitute a disease transmission hotspot for carnivores in the landscape. Secondly, I investigated the associations between individual and spatial variables with the exposure to pathogens in multiple sympatric endemic carnivores. I showed that individual characteristics such as age, sex and species are associated with exposure to Toxoplasma gondii, but not Leptospira spp. or Canine Parvovirus. Finally, I revealed where exchange of microbes has already occurred by using microbial genetics of Escherichia coli. Specifically, DNA fingerprinting methods were used to construct a microbial-sharing network between carnivores in the Betampona natural reserve ecosystem. Collectively, the results that are presented here may help the conservation efforts of the unique Malagasy carnivores by highlighting the need for disease monitoring and mitigation at the domestic animal and wildlife interface of Madagasca
Mission agropastoralisme et production fourragÚre dans le Sud-Ouest de Madagascar du 15 novembre eu 6 décembre 1996
La mission a rencontrĂ© des Ă©leveurs des rĂ©gions de Morondava, TulĂ©ar, Sakaraha, Ampanihy, Ambovombe et Fort-Dauphin. L'Ă©levage extensif des bovins est traditionnellement trĂšs dĂ©veloppĂ© dans cette rĂ©gion de Madagascar. Dans la moitiĂ© nord, les ressources fourragĂšres sont suffisamment abondantes en quantitĂ©, mĂȘme si la qualitĂ© est insuffisante une partie de l'annĂ©e. Dans la moitiĂ© sud, la plus aride, les pĂąturages sont insuffisants. Dans ce contexte du sud, les Ă©levages de petits ruminants peuvent trouver leur place et se dĂ©velopper. Sur l'ensemble de la rĂ©gion, l'abreuvement des animaux pose des questions. Dans le nord, l'eau ne manque pas mais des amĂ©nagements de mares seraient nĂ©cessaires. Dans le sud, les travaux d'hydraulique pastorale entrepris dans la rĂ©gion d'Ampanihy rĂ©pondent Ă un besoin exprimĂ© par les Ă©leveurs et sont entrepris dans le cadre d'une approche participative intĂ©ressante. La gestion des ressources naturelles en pĂąturages passe par une meilleure utilisation des feux. L'appui du projet aux Ă©levages laitiers concerne seulement les animaux croisĂ©s et devraient s'intĂ©resser aussi aux troupeaux de zĂ©bus. Une grande attention doit ĂȘtre portĂ©e Ă la façon dont ces femelles laitiĂšres sont alimentĂ©e
Dog ecology and demography in Antananarivo, 2007
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Rabies is a widespread disease in African domestic dogs and a serious public health problem in developing countries. Canine rabies became established in Africa during the 20th century, coinciding with ecologic changes that favored its emergence in canids.</p> <p>This paper reports the results of a cross-sectional study of dog ecology in the Antananarivo urban community in Madagascar.</p> <p>A questionnaire survey of 1541 households was conducted in Antananarivo from October 2007 to January 2008. The study addressed both owned and unowned dogs. Various aspects of dog ecology were determined, including size of dog population, relationship between dogs and humans, rabies vaccination.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Dog ownership was common, with 79.6 to 94.1% (mean 88.9%) of households in the six arrondissements owning dogs. The mean owned dog to person ratio was 1 dog per 4.5 persons and differed between arrondissements (administrative districts), with ratios of 1:6.0 in the first arrondissement, 1:3.2 persons in the 2<sup>nd</sup>, 1:4.8 in the 3<sup>rd</sup>, 1:5.2 in the 4<sup>th</sup>, 1:5.6 in the 5<sup>th </sup>and 1:4.4 in the 6<sup>th </sup>arrondissement. Overall, there were more male dogs (61.3%) and the male/female sex ratio was estimated to be 1.52; however, mature females were more likely than males to be unowned (OR: 1.93, CI 95%; 1.39<OR<2.69). Most (79.1%) owned dogs were never restricted and roamed freely to forage for food and mix with other dogs. Only a small proportion of dogs (11.7%) were fed with commercial dog food. Only 7.2% of owned dogs had certificates confirming vaccination against rabies. The proportion of vaccinated dogs varied widely between arrondissements (3.3% to 17.5%).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Antananarivo has a higher density of dogs than many other urban areas in Africa. The dog population is unrestricted and inadequately vaccinated against rabies. This analysis of the dog population will enable targeted planning of rabies control efforts.</p
PreÌvalence dâexcreÌtion de Giardia et Cryptosporidium chez les humains, les animaux domestiques et les leÌmuriens de lâeÌcosysteÌme du Parc National de Ranomafana, Madagascar
Lâaugmentation des interactions entre humains et animaux sauvages en lisieÌre des habitats naturels pourrait faciliter la transmission dâagents pathogeÌnes entre les humains et les diffeÌrentes espeÌces animales dâun eÌcosysteÌme et ainsi favoriser lâeÌmergence de maladies. Nous avons effectueÌ une eÌtude transversale portant sur lâinfection par Giardia et Cryptosporidium chez les humains, les animaux domestiques, les rongeurs et les leÌmuriens au sein de lâeÌcosysteÌme de Ranomafana, Madagascar. Des eÌchantillons de feÌces ont eÌteÌs collecteÌs de manieÌre non invasive chez des personnes volontaires, des mammifeÌres domestiques et des rongeurs introduits habitant trois villages situeÌs en lisieÌre du Parc National de Ranomafana (PNR) ainsi que quatre espeÌces de leÌmuriens (Propithecus edwardsii, Prolemur simus, Eulemur rubriventer et Microcebus rufus) du PNR. Des analyses coproscopiques par la technique dâimmunofluorescence directe ont eÌteÌ reÌaliseÌes afin de deÌtecter la preÌsence de Cryptosporidium et Giardia. Leur preÌvalence a eÌteÌ estimeÌe et certaines variables relieÌes aÌ lâinfection par les parasites ont eÌteÌ identifieÌes. Cryptosporidium et Giardia ont eÌteÌ deÌtecteÌs avec une preÌvalence estimeÌe aÌ 22,9 % et 13,6 % respectivement chez les humains. La preÌvalence de ces deux parasites variait de 0 % aÌ 60 % chez les animaux domestiques et les rongeurs au sein des villages. LâespeÌce hoÌte, lâaÌge ainsi que la co-infection par un autre protozoaire sont les seules variables associeÌes aÌ lâinfection par Cryptosporidium et Giardia dans cet eÌcosysteÌme tandis quâaucune association avec une coinfection par un ordre de neÌmatode nâa eÌteÌ deÌtecteÌ. De plus, Cryptosporidium a eÌteÌ deÌtecteÌ chez 10,5 % des leÌmuriens du PNR. Cette eÌtude documente pour la premieÌre fois la preÌsence de Cryptosporidium chez deux espeÌces de leÌmuriens du PNR. Par contre, Giardia nâa pas eÌteÌ deÌtecteÌ dans les eÌchantillons issus de leÌmuriens du PNR.Increasing human activities in the vicinities of natural habitats may facilitate the emergence and transmission of diseases between humans and domestic animals and wildlife species. We conducted a cross-sectional study investigating the prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium, two ubiquitous and potentially zoonotic protozoan parasites in various populations of humans and animals from the Ranomafana National Park ecosystem (RNP), Madagascar. Fecal samples were obtained non-invasively from human volunteers, domestic animals and introduced rodents inhabiting three villages in the vicinity of the national park and from four species of free-ranging lemurs (Propithecus edwardsi, Prolemur simus, Eulemur rubriventer and Microcebus rufus) from the RNP. Samples were analyzed using the direct immunofluorescence technique. Prevalences of Giardia and Cryptosporidium were estimated and variables associated with infections by the protozoa were identified. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected with a prevalence of 22.9 % and 13.6 % in humans respectively. The prevalences of these two parasites varied from 0 % to 60 % in domestic animals and introduced rodents from the villages. Species, age category and co-infection with the other protozoan were significantly associated with the infection by Cryptosporidium and Giardia in this ecosystem, whereas coinfections by different helminths order were not significantly associated with Cryptosporidium or Giardia. Moreover, Cryptosporidium was detected in 10.5 % of lemurs sampled from the RNP. This study reports for the first time the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in two species of lemurs from the RNP. Giardia was not detected in fecal samples from lemurs inhabiting the RNP
Influence des graines crues et cuites dâamarante dans lâalimentation des poulets de race locale rakotomanana
Des graines dâamarante (Amaranthus hybridus hypochondriacus) sont incorporĂ©es dans les rĂ©gimes des poussins de race locale Ă un taux de 30%. Deux cas dâaliments sont considĂ©rĂ©s, graines crues et cuites auxquelles la composition de lâalimentation administrĂ©e aux poussins diffĂšre par lâapport ou non de farine de sang. Les gains de poids observĂ©s avec des rĂ©gimes Ă graines cuites avec ou sans farine de sang nâont pas de diffĂ©rence significative de ceux des poussins de rĂ©fĂ©rence (p>0.05). La prĂ©sence de facteur antinutritionnel rĂ©duit la performance des poussins nourris de graines dâamarante crue. La consommation des graines crues dâamarante est rĂ©duite. Les poussins tĂ©moins Ă©levĂ©s en divagation ont une croissance trĂšs lente. Les rĂ©sultats indiquent que les graines dâamarante peuvent bien complĂ©menter lâalimentation des poulets de race locale tant quâelles sont cuites et aussi rĂ©duire la dĂ©pense des Ă©leveurs.(Mots clĂ©s : graine dâamarante, poulet de race locale, crue, cuite et alimentation
Ătat de la recherche sur les pĂąturages Ă Madagascar
Réunion: Recherche sur l'amélioration des pùturages en Afrique orientale et australe, 17-21 sept. 1984, Harare, ZWDans IDL-792
Survey of pasture research in Madagascar
In IDL-684