Estudo das propriedades térmicas de filmes poliméricos compostos de Speek, derivados do benzoimidazol e ácido fosfotúngstico Thermal properties of Speek-based polymeric films containing benzimidazole derivatives and fosfotungstic acid

Filmes poliméricos foram desenvolvidos a partir de poli (éter éter cetona) sulfonado (SPEEK), derivados do benzoimidazol e ácido fosfotúngstico (HPW). Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo utilizando a análise termogravimétrica com o objetivo de avaliar a estabilidade térmica e determinar as condições de temperatura a que podem ser submetidos os filmes produzidos, tendo em vista a aplicação de tais filmes como membranas em células a combustível. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a estabilidade térmica é afetada pela composição dos filmes. A maioria dos filmes se mostrou estável até 140 °C.Polymeric films were developed from sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK), benzimidazole derivatives and phosphotungstic acid (HPW). In this study, thermogravimetric analysis was performed with the aim of evaluating the temperature conditions to which polymeric films can be submitted. The results showed that thermal stability depended on film composition and the majority of the tested films showed to be stable up to 140 °C

Recent Applications of Ionic Liquids in the Sol-Gel Process for Polymer–Silica Nanocomposites with Ionic Interfaces

Understanding the organic–inorganic interphases of hybrid materials allows structure and properties control for obtaining new advanced materials. Lately, the use of ionic liquids (ILs) and poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) allowed structure control from the first sol-gel reaction steps due to their anisotropy and multiple bonding capacity. They also act as multifunctional compatibilizing agents that affect the interfacial interactions in a molecular structure-dependent manner. Thus, this review will explore the concepts and latest efforts to control silica morphology using processes such as the sol-gel, both in situ and ex situ of polymer matrices, pre-polymers or polymer precursors. It discusses how to control the polymer–filler interphase bonding, highlighting the last achievements in the interphase ionicity control and, consequently, how these affect the final nanocomposites providing materials with barrier, shape–memory and self-healing properties

The influence of screw configurations and feed mode on the dispersion of organoclay on PP

The design of the screw configuration as well as the screw speed, the residence time, the feeder type, and the temperature has a large effect on the dispersion of the clay into the matrix and, consequently, on the mechanical and thermal properties of the polymeric matrix. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of two different screw configurations (left-handed elements) and the feed type (hopper or side feeder) on the dispersion of 5 wt% Cloisite 20A into the PP matrix without the use of compatibilising agents. In profile 1 (lower shear), the 5 wt% C20A/PP (PPC20AP1) nanocomposite morphology presented elliptical agglomerated structures with compacted platelets, whereas in the profile 2, the 5 wt% C20A/PP (PPC20AP2) showed elongated forms with better separated platelets and a better clay distribution into the PP matrix. When the side feeder mode was used in profile 2, a mix of elliptical and elongated structures with some individual clay sheets was observed.The neat PP showed the same tensile modulus and impact strength in both screw configurations. The PPC20AP1 presented a tensile modulus and an impact strength that was lower than the PPC20AP2, because in profile 2 the pressure and residence time are higher due to the two left-handed elements. Thus, the dispersion and distribution of the clay throughout the matrix were improved, and the agglomerated structures were reduced. When the side feeder mode was used, there was a decrease in the PP/clay mechanical properties, but the values found were higher than those in profile 1

Synthesis of branched polyethylene from ethylene by tandem action of iron and zirconium single site catalysts

The synthesis of low-density polyethylene from ethylene as the only monomer feed has been investigated as an alternative route to branched polyethylene and to obtain new materials with different properties, avoiding the need to feed 1-alkenes into the polymerization process. The details of the evaluation of two combination catalyst systems based on single site catalysts are discussed. The {[(2-ArN=C(Me))2C5H3N]FeCl2} (Ar = 2-C6H4(Et)) compound, designated as catalyst 1, oligomerizes ethylene to produce linear α-olefins with high selectivity, and Me2SiInd2ZrCl2 (2) or EtInd2ZrCl2 (3) are used as catalysts that incorporate the α-olefins in the polymer. For catalyst 1 in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO) and ethylene, a wide range of α-olefin products were found, both soluble and insoluble. Also, tandem catalyst combinations 1 and 2 or 1 and 3 in the presence of ethylene alone can readily produce branched polyethylene with levels of 1-4 branches per 100 units of ethylene. A change

Caracterização viscosimétrica de nanocompósitos híbridos PS/POSS Viscometric characterization of PS/POSS hybrid nanocomposites

Nanocompósitos híbridos de poliestireno (PS) e poliedros oligoméricos silsesquioxanos (POSS) com diferentes composições e graus de hibridização foram obtidos por processamento reativo no estado fundido utilizando-se peróxido de dicumila (DCP) como iniciador, na presença ou não de estireno como agente de transferência de radical. Os materiais foram caracterizados viscosimetricamente por cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC) usando detecção tripla por espalhamento de luz, viscosimetria e índice de refração. As amostras PS/POSS processadas com estireno apresentaram maiores valores de massa molar ponderal média (Mw) e menores valores de polidispersão (Mw/Mn), devido ao maior grau de conversão da reação de hibridização do PS-POSS (28-40%) e do menor grau de degradação (cisão) das cadeias do PS, quando comparadas com amostras PS/POSS processadas sem estireno nas quais o grau de conversão ficou em torno de 24-28%. Para os sistemas PS e PS/POSS em solução com THF, os parâmetros da equação de Mark-Houwink-Sakurada (MHS), &#945; &#8773; 0,7 e log K &#8773; -3,5 a -3,9 e os valores dos parâmetros de interação polímero-solvente, &#967;ij &#8773; 0,49, não apresentaram diferenças significativas com relação aos tamanhos moleculares. Por outro lado, essas diferenças de tamanhos moleculares foram caracterizadas por uma função cumulativa da fração mássica de cadeias em função da distância média quadrática entre pontas de cadeia (< r² >0½).<br>Polystyrene (PS) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) hybrid nanocomposites with different compositions were obtained by reactive melt processing using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as initiator in the presence or absence of styrene as radical transfer agent. The materials were characterized by viscosimetry by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using triple-detector: light scattering, viscometer and refractive index. PS/POSS samples processed with styrene showed higher weight average molecular weights (Mw) and lower polydispersity indexes (Mw/Mn), as a result of higher PS-POSS conversion (28-40%) and lower PS degradation, as compared to the PS/POSS samples processed without styrene in which the degree of conversion was lower (24-28%). For the PS/POSS solutions in THF, the parameters of the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation, &#945; &#8773; 0.7 and log K &#8773; -3.5 to -3.9, and the values of polymer-solvent interaction parameter, &#967;ij &#8773; 0.49, were not changed with respect to changes in molecular size. On the other hand, these changes were characterized by a cumulative function of the mass fraction of chains as a function of the root mean square end to end distance (< r² >0½)

Avaliação da morfologia e propriedades termo-mecânicas em nanocompósitos de PVC Evaluation of mechanical-thermal properties and morphological in PVC nanocomposites

A busca pela utilização de cargas de reforço aos materiais poliméricos tem sido o grande alvo dos pesquisadores e da indústria. Neste trabalho nanocompósitos de PVC foram obtidos mediante a mistura no estado fundido utilizando-se uma extrusora monorosca. Adicionalmente, três diferentes concentrações de montmorilonita organofílica 1, 2 e 5% em massa foram incorporadas. Estes foram caracterizados por suas morfologias, propriedades térmicas e termo-dinâmico-mecânicas. O grau de intercalação e esfoliação dos nanocompósitos foi caracterizado por MET. As análises termogravimétricas não demonstraram um aumento na estabilidade térmica dos nanocompósitos com a concentração de argila.The search for the use of reinforcement fillers into polymeric materials has been the great objective of researchers and industry. In this work PVC nanocomposites were obtained by melt blending in a single-screw extruder. Additionally, three different organophilic montmorillonite concentrations of 1, 2 and 5% wt were incorporated. These were characterized by morphology, thermal and thermo-dynamic-mechanical properties. The degree of intercalation and exfoliation of nanocomposites was characterized by MET. The thermogravimetric analysis did not show an increase in the thermal stability of the nanocomposites with the clay content

Influence Of Light-activation Protocol On Methacrylate Resin-composite Evaluated By Dynamic Mechanical Analysis And Degree Of Conversion.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) and to identify the viscoelastic properties: storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E), tangent delta (tan δ), and glass transition temperature (T g ) of a microhybrid resin-composite light-activated by three different protocols. A Filtek Z250 (3 M ESPE) shade A3 was inserted in a Teflon mold (21 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm for viscoelastic properties; and 5 mm × 1 mm for DC) and light-activated according to the following light-activation protocols: (S) 1,000 mW/cm(2) × 19 s, (HP) 1,400 mW/cm(2) × 14 s, and (PE) 3,200 mW/cm(2) × 6 s, all set up to deliver 19 J/cm(2). Viscoelastic properties was assessed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) (n = 3), performed in single cantilever clamped mode. DC (n = 5) was measured by FTIR on top (T) and bottom (B) surfaces, and the data was submitted to a split-plot one-way ANOVA. For DC, there was a significant effect for surface factor and light-activation protocols factor. Top surface showed higher DC than B in all experimental conditions. Light-activation protocols S and HP resulted in higher DC than PE and were similar between them. Viscoelastic properties (E', E, tan δ, T g ) were not affected by light-activation protocols. It could be concluded that light-activation protocols influenced DC but not influenced the viscoelastic properties