A digital Geneva convention? The role of the private sector in cybersecurity: creating a military for the digital age

Cybersecurity has risen to the top of the international agenda. This Strategic Update explores what role the private sector should play in the global policy response, with companies on the ‘frontline’ of the cyber threat often being more proactive than states

Minimum Wage and Youth Employment Rates in Spain: New Evidence for the Period 2000-2008

The existence of a universal minimum wage has been, and continues to be, an intensely debated issue. On the one hand, the controversy surrounding minimum wage appears to be partly justified because the effects of the introduction and increase of minimum wage may differ greatly depending on the labour market structure. On the other, the current academic literature on the subject do not provide clear evidence of which collectives are likely to be more affected in terms of employment by the introduction or increase of minimum wage. Using the data for the period 2000-2008, this study aims to examine the effect of minimum wage on the youth employment in Spain, taking into account both the existing regional differences and the dynamic behaviour of employment. Unlike other previous academic works on this subject, we are also going to consider the effect of seasonality on employment, a particularly wide-spread feature of youth employment in Spain. The results obtained in our analysis do not provide clear evidence about any negative effect of minimum wage on youth employment during the period under study. While this result may point out to the existence of a monopsonistic structure of the labour market, the coexistence of increases both in minimum wage and in youth employment rate during this period could also be explained in the light of a perfect competitive labour market with a high degree of dynamism and a structural change in employment demand.Employment rate; minimum wage; Kaitz index

Pautas cíclicas en el desempleo europeo

A través del estudio de la dispersión entre las diferentes tasas de desempleo, el artículo comienza confirmando que existe un leve pero cierto proceso de convergencia. A partir de este punto se pretende cuantificar en que medida la evolución cíclica del desempleo dentro de cada uno de los países miembros de la UE esta contribuyendo a dicho proceso. Es decir, se trata de ver si se puede aproximar un proceso de acercamiento o no entre los ciclos del desempleo europeos. Si los ciclos europeos fueran próximos implicaría cierta aproximación a la existencia de un mercado de trabajo único donde se puedan desarrollar políticas laborales comunes y similares a todos los países miembros. Por otra parte, si todos los países europeos estuvieran dominados por el mismo ciclo la existencia de shock asimétricos sería más difícil de producirse. La estructura del artículo sigue el siguiente esquema. En primer lugar, se desarrolla un análisis de cointegración para conocer cuál es la evolución tendencial del desempleo. Posteriormente, a través del desarrollo del filtro de Hodrick y Prescott (1977) se analiza cuál es la evolución cíclica del desempleo. Y por último, se calculan una serie de funciones impulso-respuesta en un intento por descubrir la existencia de un comportamiento similar a nivel europeo ante un mismo shock en el desempleo.desempleo, ciclos, cointegración, UE,

Measuring the impact of on the job training on job mobility

This paper studies the effect of employer-provided training on the probability of subsequent job exit. Empirical evidence usually shows that the probability of receiving training by the employer is higher among those employees with the lowest expected rates of turnover. Therefore, it seems that firms provide training selectively. In this paper, we address the empirical question of to what extent this endogeneity problem leads to a spurious correlation between training receipt and job mobility. Using Spanish Data from the European Community Household Panel, we provide estimates that ignore the selection bias and compare the results with the ones obtained when correcting for the possible nonrandom selection between trainees and non-trainees. Overall, our results show that there is a negative correlation between on the job training and job mobility, but only for fired workers, and not for voluntary movers. Nonetheless, once the endogeneity problem is accounted, the negative effect becomes statistically nonsignificant for all types of movers.Raquel Carrasco acknowledges research funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Grant No. ECO2012-31358

Patterns of Fluctuation of Employment in the European Union: National Cycles and Effects of Tertiarization

The paper has two aims. First, to study the possible relationships existing between cyclical fluctuations of employment by countries in the EU and the EU as a whole. And, second, to analyse the effects produced by the intense and increasing growth of employment in service industries in such fluctuations. In short, a first aim is to analyse the fact that cyclical movements of employment by countries (EU context)show some diffenreces and, on the second objective is to explore if the increasing presence of services in the employment structure has or not important consequences on employment fluctuations at national level. The first part of the paper analyses the cyclical fluctuations of employment in each of the EU countries, as a basis to set up the differences btw. countries and to establish the European cycle of employment. The second part is focused on the study of the apparent relationship existing between national fluctuations of employment and the structural changes as an explaining factor. Finally, the paper also analyses if there is or not a process of convergence (progressive adjustment) between the European countries and if they tend to adjust themselves to the more general trends observed. The lack of a European data-base on employment fluctuations at regional level (quarterly) impedes actually to extend the analysis to this level. Nevertheless, a case-study on a country and its regions will be included to test the differences/coincidences compared to the paper's general conclusions.

Sectorial structure, qualitative characteristics and guidelines of labour mobility in the European Union.

In the context of the process of construction of a single labour market in the Economic Union, one of the greatest problems is the existence of certain levels of structural unemployment. From this point of view, the imbalance between the qualification characteristics of work supply and demand as well as the determining factors of geographical mobility among jobs become a relevant explication factor. The aim of the paper will be to carry out a comparative analysis of some of the most important characteristics of employment in European countries. For this, how different employed population groups are distributed by sectors of activity and labour occupations will be analysed, how these structures have been modified over time, and the patterns of labour mobility that interconnect activities and occupations in the framework of labour mobility, in order to see whether these evolutions are leading to an assimilation of labour characteristics in the countries, or not. Keywords: labour mobility, employment, service sector, European Union. JEL-Code: J62, L80, F02

Does tertiarization explain differences in labour market behaviour?: A cross national approach refering to European Union

There are ever more works which identify the service sector as the principal protagonist in the creation of employment in western economies, with respect to the recent past and in the near future. At the same time, agreement exists regarding the profound transformations that work characteristics are undergoing, a processs which can be finally expressed as an increment in what we could call "work flexibility". With reference to the previous questions, in the European Union very varied disparities can be found. Whilst employment in Ireland and in Spain increased noticeably between 1994 and 2000, (37 and 23% respectively), in Austria the increase was only 0.9% and in Germany 3%. On the other hand, we can also find great differences in labour behviour in terms of flexibility and rigidity. The thesis which we endeavour to prove in the work is double: In what measure do the services ( and their internal composition) explain both the processes of employment creation and the increment of job flexibility observed in the EU? In what measure do the differences in tertiarization (and their internal composition) in the EU countries explain the heterogeneity observed in both employment creation and increased job dynamics? For this, and by means of the data of the "European Household Panel", the paper will have the following scheme: a) In first place, the behaviour of job markets in the European Union countries will be revised (employment creation, the presence of services and the processes of tertiarization). b) Then the internal composition of the tertiary sector will be analyzed in each of these countries, checking the extent in which they are similar or different. c) Finally, using shift-share techniques the relation between tertiarization, processes of employment creation and work flexibility (through indicators of labour mobility) will be analyzed, in relation to the EU and to each of the member countries.

Sectoral structure, qualification characteristics and patterns of labour mobility

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in Service Industries Journal on 1/07/2007, available online at:http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/02642060701346607The paper has two main objectives. First, to investigate whether workers show significant differences in labour opportunities. Second, to test the hypothesis that tertiarisation has important effects explaining it. The hypotheses are: (1) tertiarisation has relevant effects on the structure of labour demand by skills; (2) the labour opportunities of workers can be influenced by the skills developed in their previous jobs and their concordance between sectoral changes. From a methodological point of view, the approach implies a study of labour transition data of workers, sectoral change and its qualification implications. In order to research the previous argument, the authors analyse labour mobility within European countries. Therefore, data used in the paper come from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). All descriptive analyses have been carried out and the results from dynamic logit panel data model suggest that the relation of workers to tertiarisation and its implications approximated by their previous labour situation (sector and skill) are significant, explaining differences observed in labour transitions and its characteristics

Highly skilled immigration and its impact on the labour market in Europe

La inmigración de alta cualificación reviste actualmente una creciente importancia y, dadas sus características específicas y su posible posición estratégica en los procesos de trabajo, el estudio de sus efectos resulta especialmente relevante. Este artículo analiza el impacto laboral que tiene la presencia de población inmigrante con estudios superiores sobre las oportunidades laborales de los trabajadores nativos en una selección de países europeos que poseen una mayor población inmigrante de este tipo. Tras describir sus características más relevantes, se realizan distintas estimaciones econométricas para establecer cuál es el efecto laboral inducido por este colectivo. Los resultados apuntan a un efecto negativo, pero de carácter muy moderado, sobre la tasa de empleo de los nacionales para los países de España, Alemania, Francia y Suiza, e incluso un ligerísimo efecto positivo en el caso de Italia y Reino Unido. Highly skilled immigration is currently growing significantly and, given its specific features and possible strategic position in labour processes, the study of its effects is particularly important. This article analyses the labour impact of the presence of an immigrant population with higher education on the job opportunities of national workers in a selection of European countries that possess a large immigrant population of this type. After describing their most significant characteristics, various econometric estimates are used to establish the labour effect exerted by this group. The results indicate an effect that is negative, but only moderately, on the employment rates of the nationals of Spain, Germany,France and Switzerland, and even a slightly positive effect in the cases of Italy and the United Kingdom. DOI: doi.org/10.24241/AnuarioCIDOBInmi.2017.15

Efectos de la inmigración en el mercado de trabajo español

La inmigración se ha convertido en relativamente poco tiempo en uno de los factores fundamentales para la explicación de la evolución y comportamiento del mercado de trabajo español. Este resultado se sustenta en razones que tienen que ver tanto en la magnitud que revisten los procesos de recepción de inmigrantes como en el amplio espectro de efectos que pueden derivarse de este tipo de procesos. A partir del escenario dibujado por ambas afirmaciones, el objetivo que se plantea este artículo es revisar los resultados que aportan los trabajos realizados recientemente respecto del fenómeno de la inmigración en España, como forma de señalar, a modo de conclusión, las oportunidades y los retos introducidos por la inmigración en la evolución futura de nuestro mercado de trabajo