Revisiting amlodipine induced pedal edema: a student’s perspective

Amlodipine, a dihydropyridine, is used frequently used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. The drug acts by blocking the L-gated calcium channels which causes the blood vessels to relax. It's taken orally and excreted through the urine like many other drugs. Calcium channel blockers are usually well tolerated but as always exceptions always exist. Common side effects are constipation, dizziness, flushing, and pre-tibial edema. Pre-tibial edema has been a very common side effect that has lead the drug to be withdrawn in some patients therapy

Design and Analysis of Metamaterial Absorber using Split Ring Resonator for Dual Band Terahertz Applications

There are numerous applications for microwave absorbers in the L, S, C, X, and Ku bands. Creating a terahertz absorber, on the other hand, has proven difficult. This paper presents a metamaterial absorber operates at terahertz frequencies. It has a square shaped outer ring and a circle shaped inner ring unit cell split ring resonator. The substrate is dielectric material and the ground is metallic. According to the simulation results, the unit cell resonates at two frequencies that is at 1.3027THz and 1.7853THz with absorptivity  is greater than 90% at normal incidence .The main cause of high absorbance is due to strong electromagnetic field. The proposed structure in this paper is useful for terahertz imaging, detection of malignant tumors and stealth technology

A new analytical method for determination of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC method

A simple, Accurate, precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in Tablet dosage form. Chromatogram was run through Std Discovery C8 150 x 4.6 mm, 5m. Mobile phase containing Buffer 0.1% OPA: Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 60:40 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Buffer used in this method was 0.1% OPA buffer. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 260 nm. Retention time of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir were found to be 2.367 min and 3.436 min. %RSD of the Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir were and found to be 0.6 and 0.5 respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 99.61% and 99.80% for Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir were 0.67, 2.02 and 0.70, 2.12 respectively. Regression equation of Sofosbuvir is y = 4266.x + 7700, and y = 4861.x + 2656.of Ledipasvir. Retention times were decreased and run time was decreased, so the method developed was simple and economical that can be adopted in regular Quality control test in Industries

PRECLINICAL PHARMACOKINETIC EVALUATION OF VALSARTAN FLOATING TABLETS FORMUALTED USING CROSS LINKED STARCH UREA - A NEW MODIFIED STARCH

The objective of the present study is optimization of valsartan floating tablet formulation by 23 factorial design and to evaluate the optimized valsartan floating tablets for in vitro drug release, preclinical pharmacokinetics and also for in vitro – in vivo correlation (IVIVC). Valsartan is an orally active anti-hypertensive drug, majorly absorbed from stomach and upper small intestine. Formulation of sustained release floating tablets of valsartan is needed because of its poor oral bioavailability and short biological half-life. Valsartan floating tablets were formulated as per 23 factorial design and were evaluated. Valsartan floating tablets prepared as per 23 factorial design were non-disintegrating in water and aqueous acidic (pH 1.2) and alkaline (pH 7.4) fluids and were of good quality with regard to drug content, hardness, friability and suitable for controlled release. Formulations Fa, Fab, Fac and Fabc exhibited excellent floating over >12 h with a floating lag time in the range 12-40 seconds. Higher levels (20 %) of sodium bicarbonate gave shorter floating lag time. Valsartan release from the floating tablets prepared except formulation Fa was slow and spread over 12 h and dependent on the composition of the tablets. Drug release from formulation Fa was very rapid. Valsartan release from the floating tablets was by non-fickian diffusion mechanism in all the cases except Fa. In the case of formulation Fa that gave rapid release of drug fickian diffusion was the drug release mechanism. Optimization of valsartan floating tablet formulation was done taking floating lag time as the parameter for optimization. For optimization, floating lag time was taken as response (Y) and level of sodium bicarbonate as (X1), level of bees wax as (X2) and level of starch acetate as (X3). The polynomial equation describing the relationship between the response, Y and the variables, X1 , X 2 and X3 based on the observed data was found to be Y = 8.996 - 8.596 (X1) + 2.396 (X2) – 2.431 (X1 X2) + 0.561 (X3) - 0.521 (X1 X3) + 0.396 (X2 X3) - 0.271 (X1 X2 X3). Based on the polynomial equation developed, the optimized valsartan floating tablet formulation with a floating lag time of 20 seconds could be formulated employing sodium bicarbonate (160mg/tablet), beeswax (28mg/tablet) and starch acetate (10mg/tablet). The optimized formulation (Fopt) exhibited a floating time of 12-14 h with a lag time of 21 seconds fulfilling the target floating lag time set indicating validity of the optimization technique employed. Formulations Fopt and Fab prepared exhibited excellent floating characteristics (floating over 12 h with a lag time of 21 and 12seconds respectively) and good sustained release of valsartan over 12– 14h. The optimized valsartan tablets formulated at two strengths 80 mg/tablet and 40 mg/tablet gave slow, gradual and complete release of valsartan in 12h. Valsartan was absorbed rapidly from IR tablets and slowly over longer period of time from floating tablets. Based on (AUC)o α , the relative bioavailability ( BA) of Valsartan from FTs was 166.0 % when compared to Valsartan IR tablets (100%). A good level A correlation (r = 0.961) was observed between percent drug released (in vitro) and (AUC)o α (in vivo) Key words: Cross Linked starch Urea, Floating tablets, Valsartan, Optimization, Preclinical, Pharmacokinetic

VALIDATED RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ROSUVASTATIN CALCIUM AND EZETIMIBE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Objective: To develop and validate a rapid, sensitive and specific reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for simultaneous determination of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Ezetimibe in a combined dosage form.Methods: The chromatographic separation of the two drugs were achieved using Enable C18G (5 μm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i. d. column). The drugs were separated in isocratic elution mode with a mobile phase consists of Acetonitrile-Water (75:25, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min and a detection wavelength of 252 nm using a UV detector.Results: The linearity and range for both Rosuvastatin Calcium and Ezetimibe were 5-40 µg/ml (R2= 0.9995) and 5-40 µg/ml (R2= 0.9992), respectively. Accuracy of the method was determined through recovery studies by adding known quantities of standard drug to the preanalyzed test solution and was found to be 99.6-100.3 % and 99.5-99.9% for Rosuvastatin Calcium and Ezetimibe respectively. The % RSD values for both interday and intraday precision were found to be<2%.Conclusion: A rapid, sensitive and specific RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Ezetimibe in a combined dosage form and hence, it can be used in the quality control analysis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and pharmaceutical dosage form.Â

An Activity Theory Approach to Specification of Access Control Policies in Transitive Health Workflows

Access control models are implemented to mitigate the risks of unauthorized access in Electronic Health Records (EHRs). These models provide authorization with the help of security policies, wherein the protected resource is governed by one or more policies that exactly specify what attributes a requester needs to fulfill in order to obtain access. However, due to the increasing complexity of current healthcare system, defining and implementing policies are becoming more and more difficult. In this research-in-progress paper, we present an Activity Theory driven methodology to formalize access control policies that can be used in enforcing patient’s privacy consent in a healthcare setting. In order to account for the transitivity in health workflows, we extend the Activity Theory to include “organizational interconnectedness” within the health workflows

A GRID CONNECTED PHASE MONITORING SYSTEM GOVERNING STABLE CURRENT

Various power transfer technology is requested ac/electricity transformation to acquire a constant frequency ac power. Once the wind speed varies, the servo motor supplies a compensatory energy to keep constant generator speed. Within this paper, an optimum power tracking control plan is suggested. The suggested MPTC plan includes two control loops. The extra servo motor power can also be changed into electricity, and output in to the load. This paper presents a singular converter less wind turbine having a control framework that includes an excitation synchronous generator, magnet (PM) synchronous servo motor, signal sensors, and servo control system. The control system design concepts maintain power flow balance between your input and also the output and, concurrently, pressure the generator frequency to synchronize using the utility grid. Because of the problem in precisely estimating the wind speed, the suggested MPTC plan measures the motor output power because the reference signals to look for the generator output power. For any typical three phases, four rods excitation synchronous generator, the generator output power is controlled by the excitation controller, with the slip rings, using the appropriate excitation current delivered to the armature winding. The traditional motor current feedback controller can avoid immediate current stress towards the servo driver. The direct drive magnet synchronous wind turbine uses variable speed and power ripper tools technologies to satisfy the grid connection needs that have benefits of being gearless. Fraxel treatments continue to be put on the servo motor control to enhance the control performance. Experimental results show the suggested wind turbine system achieves high end power generation with salient power quality

Design of Turbo Trellis Coding Modulation Scheme of Rate 4/9 for Rician Fading Channel

When the fading channels are encountered during data communication, errors are likely to occur at the receiving end due to multipath propagation. Researchers have been consistently striving to develop Error Correction Schemes that can effectively handle these errors and ensure error-free data reception at the receiver end. Of particular interest are the Forward Error Correction Schemes that can be implemented at the transmitter end itself. However, the implementation of error correction coding through these schemes incurs additional costs in terms of bandwidth expansion, as extra bits need to be added to facilitate error correction. Fortunately, there exists one coding scheme called Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM), which addresses this issue. TCM selects a modulation scheme based on the rate of the convolutional coding scheme. However, this coding technique has limitations in correcting the number of errors, leading to the development of Turbo Coding. This scheme utilizes two coders at the transmitter, arranged in either serial or parallel configuration, and a suitable decoder at the receiver. A design of Turbo Coding scheme has been presented in this paper, that employs convolutional coders having rate 2/3, in a serially concatenated configuration, providing an effective rate of 4/9. This turbo coding scheme is then applied to TCM scheme in order to preserve the bandwidth. Therefore, if using the convolutional coding scheme of rate 2/3, the modulation scheme is 8-QAM and in order to preserve bandwidth after coding, using the Turbo coding scheme of rate 4/9, then the modulation scheme will be 512-QAM. The simulations have been conducted in MATLAB and the error correcting capabilities of the designed scheme in comparison with convolutional coding scheme using the constituent convolutional encoder have also been compared. It has been observed that in the Rician fading channel conditions, the Turbo Trellis Coding Modulation Scheme provides approximately 5 dB gain compared to the convolutional coding scheme