Three-dimensional numerical simulations of straight-bladed vertical axis tidal turbines investigating power output, torque ripple and mounting forces

Three straight-bladed vertical axis turbine designs were simulated using Three-Dimensional (3D) transient Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models, using a commercial Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) solver. The turbine designs differed in support strut section, blade-strut joint design and strut location to evaluate their effect on power output, torque fluctuation levels and mounting forces. Simulations of power output were performed and validated against Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD), with results capturing the impacts of geometrical changes on turbine power output. Strut section and blade-strut joint design were determined to significantly influence total power output between the three turbine designs, with strut location having a smaller but still significant effect. Maximum torque fluctuations were found to occur around the rotation speed corresponding to maximum power output and fluctuation levels increased with overall turbine efficiency. Turbine mounting forces were also simulated and successfully validated against EFD results. Mounting forces aligned with the inflow increased with rotational rates, but plateaued due to reductions in shaft drag caused by rotation and blockage effects. Mounting forces perpendicular to the inflow were found to be 75% less than forces aligned with the inflow. High loading force fluctuations were found, with maximum values 40% greater than average forces

The influence of turbulence model and two and three-dimensional domain selection on the simulated performance characteristics of vertical axis tidal turbines

The influence of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling techniques on the accuracy of vertical axis turbine power output predictions was investigated. Using Two-Dimensional (2D) and Three-Dimensional (3D) models, as well as the Baseline-Reynolds Stress Models (BSL-RSM) model and the k-ω Shear Stress Transport (k-ω SST) model in its fully turbulent and laminar-to-turbulent formulation, differences in power output modeling accuracy were evaluated against experimental results from literature. The highest correlation with experimental power output was found using a 3D domain model that fully resolved the boundary layer combined with the k-ω SST laminar-to-turbulent model. The turbulent 3D fully resolved boundary layer k-ω SST model also accurately predicted power output for most rotational rates, at a significantly reduced computational cost when compared to its laminar-to-turbulent formulation. The 3D fully resolved BSL-RSM model and 3D wall function boundary layer k-ω SST model were found to poorly simulate power output. Poor output predictions were also obtained using 2D domain k-ω SST models, as they were unable to account for blade tip and strut effects. The authors suggest that 3D domain fully turbulent k-ω SST models with fully resolved boundary layer modeling are used for predicting turbine power output given their accuracy and computational efficiency

Numerical simulation of the loading characteristics of straight and helical-bladed vertical axis tidal turbines

The stress and deflection of straight and helical-bladed vertical axis turbines was investigated using hydrodynamic and structural analysis models. Using Double Multiple Streamtube (DMS) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models, the hydrodynamic forces and pressures on the turbines were modelled for three rotational rates from startup to over speed conditions. The results from these hydrodynamic models were then used to determine stress and total deflection levels using beam theory and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) methods. Maximum stress and deflection levels were found when the blades were in the furthest upstream region, with the highest stresses found at the blade-strut joints for the turbines studied. The helical turbine exhibited on average 13% lower maximum stress levels than the straight-bladed turbine, due to the helical distribution of the blades around the rotational axis. All simulation models offered similar accuracy when predicting maximum blade stress and deflection levels; however for detailed analysis of the blade-strut joints the more computationally demanding CFD-FEA models were required. Straight-bladed, rather than helical turbines, are suggested to be more suited for tidal installations, as for the same turbine frontal area they produce higher power output with only 13% greater structural stress loading

Numerical investigation of the influence of blade helicity on the performance characteristics of vertical axis tidal turbines

Previous research has shown that helical vertical axis turbines exhibit lower torque fluctuation levels than straight-bladed turbines; however little is known of the impact of blade helicity on turbine performance characteristics. To investigate these relationships the hydrodynamic characteristics of straight and helical-bladed vertical axis turbines were investigated using Three-Dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models using a commercial Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) solver. Simulations of power output, torque oscillations, and mounting forces were performed for turbines with overlap angles from 0° to 120° and section inclination angles from −15° to 45°. Results indicated that straight-bladed turbines with 0° blade overlap generated the highest power output. Helical turbines were found to generate decreasing power outputs as blade overlap angle increased due to the resultant blade inclination to the inflow. Blade section inclination to the inflow was also found to influence power output. Some benefits of helical-bladed turbines over their straight-bladed counterparts were established; helical turbine torque oscillation levels and mounting forces were reduced when compared to straight-bladed turbines. For both straight and helical-bladed turbines maximum mounting force levels were found to exceed the average force levels by more than 40%, with large cyclical loading forces identified

Wetdeck slamming loads on a developed catamaran hullform – experimental investigation

Catamaran wetdeck slamming has been experimentally investigated using a servo hydraulic slam testing system. A series of controlled-speed water impacts was undertaken on a rigid catamaran bow section with two interchangeable centrebows. Entry into the body of water was at two fixed trim angles: 0° and 5°. The vertical velocity was varied from 3 to 5 m/s in 0.5 m/s increments. This study presents a new dataset of pressure distributions and slam forces on the arched wetdeck structure of catamaran vessels. The relationships between the peak force magnitudes, relative impact angle and vertical velocity are observed, with a small reduction in slam force for an amended centrebow. Limited pressure measurements along the archway were not found to be representative of wetdeck slamming loads

Experimental drop test investigation into wetdeck slamming loads on a generic catamaran hullform

A series of drop-test experiments was performed to investigate the hydrodynamic loads experienced by a generic wave-piercer catamaran hullform during water impacts. The experiments, which focus on the characterisation of the unsteady slam loads on an arched wetdeck, were conducted using a Servo-hydraulic Slam Testing System (SSTS) that allows the model to enter the water at a range of constant speeds up to 10 m/s. The systematic and random uncertainties associated with the drop test results are quantified in detail. The relationships between water-entry velocity and both slam force and pressure distributions are presented and discussed with a strong relationship between the slam force peak magnitudes and impact velocity being observed. In addition the three dimensionality of the water flow in these slam impact events is characterised

Assessing Communities of Practice in health policy : A conceptual framework as a first step towards empirical research

Peer reviewe

How and why are communities of practice established in the healthcare sector? A systematic review of the literature

Background: Communities of Practice (CoPs) are promoted in the healthcare sector as a means of generating and sharing knowledge and improving organisational performance. However CoPs vary considerably in the way they are structured and operate in the sector. If CoPs are to be cultivated to benefit healthcare organisations, there is a need to examine and understand their application to date. To this end, a systematic review of the literature on CoPs was conducted, to examine how and why CoPs have been established and whether they have been shown to improve healthcare practice. Methods. Peer-reviewed empirical research papers on CoPs in the healthcare sector were identified by searching electronic health-databases. Information on the purpose of establishing CoPs, their composition, methods by which members communicate and share information or knowledge, and research methods used to examine effectiveness was extracted and reviewed. Also examined was evidence of whether or not CoPs led to a change in healthcare practice. Results: Thirty-one primary research papers and two systematic reviews were identified and reviewed in detail. There was a trend from descriptive to evaluative research. The focus of CoPs in earlier publications was on learning and exchanging information and knowledge, whereas in more recently published research, CoPs were used more as a tool to improve clinical practice and to facilitate the implementation of evidence-based practice. Means by which members communicated with each other varied, but in none of the primary research studies was the method of communication examined in terms of the CoP achieving its objectives. Researchers are increasing their efforts to assess the effectiveness of CoPs in healthcare, however the interventions have been complex and multifaceted, making it difficult to directly attribute the change to the CoP. Conclusions: In keeping with Wenger and colleagues' description, CoPs in the healthcare sector vary in form and purpose. While researchers are increasing their efforts to examine the impact of CoPs in healthcare, cultivating CoPs to improve healthcare performance requires a greater understanding of how to establish and support CoPs to maximise their potential to improve healthcare

Widening access to medicine may improve general practitioner recruitment in deprived and rural communities:survey of GP origins and current place of work

BACKGROUND: Widening access to medicine in the UK is a recalcitrant problem of increasing political importance, with associated strong social justice arguments but without clear evidence of impact on service delivery. Evidence from the United States suggests that widening access may enhance care to underserved communities. Additionally, rural origin has been demonstrated to be the factor most strongly associated with rural practice. However the evidence regarding socio-economic and rural background and subsequent practice locations in the UK has not been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between general practitioners’ (GPs) socio-economic and rural background at application to medical school and demographic characteristics of their current practice. METHOD: The study design was a cross-sectional email survey of general practitioners practising in Scotland. Socio-economic status of GPs at application to medical school was assessed using the self-coded National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification. UK postcode at application was used to define urban–rural location. Current practice deprivation and remoteness was measured using NHS Scotland defined measures based on registered patients’ postcodes. RESULTS: A survey was sent to 2050 Scottish GPs with a valid accessible email address, with 801 (41.5 %) responding. GPs whose parents had semi-routine or routine occupations had 4.3 times the odds of working in a deprived practice compared to those with parents from managerial and professional occupations (95 % CI 1.8–10.2, p = 0.001). GPs from remote and rural Scottish backgrounds were more likely to work in remote Scottish practices, as were GPs originating from other UK countries. CONCLUSION: This study showed that childhood background is associated with the population GPs subsequently serve, implying that widening access may positively affect service delivery in addition to any social justice rationale. Longitudinal research is needed to explore this association and the impact of widening access on service delivery more broadly