Study of Joint Flexibility in Steel Frame Structures

Joint flexibility plays an important role in the distribution of strains and displacements in the frame structures of buildings, towers, automobiles, etc.. The objective of this project is to study the effect of flexibility (or rigidity) of two simple mechanical joints in frame structures on the stress and displacement distributions, using both experimental and analytical methods. Three welded and three bolted samples were fabricated using A-36 low carbon steel in a two column and horizontal crossmember (table) arrangement. This arrangement allows for both shear forces and axial forces in the joint. From a three element rectangular rosette strain gage attached to the bottom of the cross- member, strain readings were collected by a computer based data acquisition and processing system, during point and line loading (elastic range) of the specimens by a load frame. These results were compared to each other and to values found by analytical methods for the same arrangement with theoretically rigid and theoretically completely flexible joints. The data for the line loading of the samples were plotted and compared with the analytical results. Also a quantitative flexibility index was developed and used to compare the bolted and welded joints. The flexibility index is defined as the ratio of the difference between the actual and theoretical rigid joint flexibility to the difference between the theoretical flexible joint and the theoretical rigid joint flexibility in percentage. These comparisons were made for each sample at load increments over 50 lbs and within the elastic limit of the specimen. This was chosen because of the linear relation of the data received in this range and the slight error of the experimental apparatus at low loads. The test was conducted for each of the six specimens of the bolted and welded joints (3 specimens per joint type) and then repeated. This allowed for error in the measurement and in the manufacture of the specimens. The average flexibility index for the bolted joint samples (line loading) were 52.23%, 50.46%, and 46.6% resulting in a total average flexibility index of 49.73% with standard deviation of 3.21. The average flexibility index for the welded joint samples (line loading) were 46.38%, 42.95%, and 42.27% resulting in a total average flexibility index of 43.87% with standard deviation of 2.78. The data from the point loading runs were used to see if anything unusual happened in this case. Because of averaging by the strain gage of the values of the strain at the center due to the stress concentration of a point loading the values were not used to compute a flexibility index. There were no unusual findings from the point loading data. The results show that the bolted joints used in this experiment were more flexible than the welded joints for both line and point load. Furthermore, both joints did not act as completely flexible or completely rigid joints. This fact confirms the importance of the joint flexibility consideration in the design of steel frame structures

The Effects of an Elevation Training Mask on VO2max of Male Reserve Officers Training Corps Cadets

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 37-43, 2017. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an elevation training mask (ETM) on the VO2max of male Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) cadets. Fourteen male ROTC cadets (age 20.00 ± 1.8 yrs, height 174.35 cm ± 3.1 cm, weight 76.75 kg ± 11.09 kg, body fat 13.88% ± 4.62%) participated in this study to determine if an ETM would cause a significant increase VO2max. After the familiarization period, the test subjects were randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group, respectively. The training period lasted seven weeks with each subject participating three days per week. The post-test was performed four days after the final training session. Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference in VO2max values (p = 0.34) between the (control vs. the experimental group). This study concluded that the ETM did not cause a significant increase in VO2max under the training conditions of this study. However, results may differ if there is an increase in the frequency of exposure to the ETM, as well as an increase in the duration of the training period

Candidate Materials Evaluated for a High-Temperature Stirling Convertor Heater Head

The Department of Energy and NASA have identified Stirling Radioisotope Generators (SRGs) as a candidate power system for use on long-duration, deep-space science missions and Mars rovers. One of the developments planned for an upgraded version of the current SRG design is to achieve higher efficiency by increasing the overall operating temperature of the system. Currently, the SRG operates with a heater head temperature of 650 C and is fabricated from the nickel-base superalloy 718. The current operating temperature is at the limit of alloy 718 s capability, and any planned increase in temperature will be contingent on identifying a more capable material from which to fabricate the heater head. To this end, personnel at the NASA Glenn Research Center are evaluating advanced materials for a high-temperature heater head to allow a higher convertor temperature ratio and, thus, increase the system efficiency. A generic list of properties that were used to screen the candidate materials follows: (1) creep, (2) fabricability, (3) helium gas containment, (4) long-term stability and compatibility, (5) ability to form a hermetical closeout seal, and (6) ductility and toughness

Lessons Learned from the Macon County Slurry Wall

A soil-bentonite slurry trench cutoff wall was installed as part of landfill improvements at the Macon County Landfill located in Decatur, Illinois. In order for a soil-bentonite barrier to be continuous and defect-free, a homogeneous, well-graded backfill needs to displace the slurry used to maintain trench stability. Historically, specifications required that the backfill have a unit weight of 15 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) higher than the unit weight of the in-trench slurry and the slurry have a maximum density of 85 pcf. More recently, specifications have also required that the sand content of the slurry, not exceed 10 to 15%. During the course of construction, difficulties arose which gave rise to post-construction investigations of the integrity of the completed cutoff wall. A program of field sampling and testing, which included Osterberg sampling, modified Osterberg sampling, and sonic-core borings, was developed to investigate the integrity of the wall. Since state-of-the-practice quality assurance and quality control measures are based upon field measurements and sampling during construction coupled with laboratory measurements of field-prepared backfill samples, detailed investigations of the in-situ, as-constructed wall are relatively uncommon and even more uncommonly documented in the literature. This paper presents these investigations, findings, conclusions derived from the investigations and provides recommendations for slurry wall design and construction derived from these studies

New Insights into Marine Migration and Winter Habitat of Gulf Sturgeon

Migrations and movements of Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi were determined using satellite pop-up archival transmitting (PAT) tags and acoustic telemetry. Adult Gulf sturgeon from four rivers in northwestern Florida were caught with gill nets and were tagged with PAT and acoustic tags in the fall of 2001 and 2002. PAT tags were programmed to release in early February 2002 and 2003 to provide information about location of late-winter marine habitats. However, only 5 of 25 provided meaningful location information. Three of the PAT-tagged fish were relocated acoustically near the PAT tag pop-up locations, one of which was in Choctawhatchee Bay. Acoustic searches near Gulf of Mexico pop-up locations led to acoustic relocation of one nonrepeating PAT-tagged fish and five fish tagged with acoustic transmitters only. Many of these fish were relocated on several dates in late winter, and many (including fish from the Yellow, Choctawhatchee, and Apalachicola rivers) were concentrated in a 25-km stretch of the Florida Panhandle coast, within 2 km from shore, and in depths less than 6 m. A fish that had been tagged with a PAT tag in the Yellow River was acoustically relocated in the concentration area and then in the Choctawhatchee River the following summer. It returned to the concentration area again the next winter and returned to the Choctawhatchee for the second summer. An acoustictagged fish was relocated very near a PAT tag pop-up location about 30 km south of the Suwannee River, within 12 km from shore, and in depths of 3–4 m. Pop-up locations and acoustic relocations showed that the Gulf sturgeon had migrated distances of at least 30– 180 km. These findings indicate a pattern in which Gulf sturgeon migrate considerable distances along the coastline, sometimes to specific areas of concentration, sometimes mixing with other populations, and primarily utilizing shallow (2–6 m), nearshore areas as late-winter habitats. This pattern is similar to that reported by others in this volume for Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus and for green sturgeon A. medirostris

Paulus dan Perempuan

Artikel ini berfokus untuk menjawab beberapa pertanyaan meliputi: (1) Siapa rekan-rekan perempuan Paulus? (2) Apa ajaran Paulus untuk istri-istri? (3) Apa ajaran Paulus tentang perempuan dan pelayanannya? (4) Menurut Paulus, apakah perempuan dapat melayani sebagai penilik jemaat? (5) Menurut Paulus, apakah perempuan dapat melayani sebagai diaken? (6) Menurut Paulus, apakah ada perbedaan antara pelayanan laki-laki dan pelayanan perempuan? (7) Apa yang ditulis Paulus mengenai pelayanan perempuan? Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ada perbedaan dalam pelayanan laki-laki dan pelayanan perempuan menurut Paulus. Ekspektasi Paulus, seorang penilik jemaat adalah seorang laki-laki dan bukan perempuan. Namun, perempuan dapat berperan dalam pelayanan diaken. Perempuan juga dapat mendidik perempuan lain yang lebih muda. Berkaitan dengan istri, Paulus menekankan akan ketundukan istri terhadap suami. Bukan bentuk diskriminasi terhadap kaum perempuan. Ini penekanan Paulus bagi istri; istri tunduk kepada suami sebagai wujud perempuan yang takut akan Tuhan. Istri sadar bahwa suami adalah “sumber keberadaan” mereka.This article focus to answer a couple of question, include: (1) Who are Paul women partners? (2) What is Paul’s teaching about wives? (3) What is Paul’s teaching about a woman and her ministry? (4) According to Paul, can woman serve as an overseer? (5) Can a woman serve as a deacon? (6) Is there any difference ministry between man and woman? (7) What did Paul write about woman ministry? The conclusion is there are differences between man and woman ministry according to Paul. Paul’s expectation tells us that an overseer is a man and not a woman. However, a woman can be a deacon. A woman can teach another woman that younger. About wife, Paul tells us that wife should submit to her husband. About this, not discrimination. Paul’s emphasis on wives; the wife should submit to the husband as a form of their fear of God. The wife realizes that her husband is her “existence source.

Cardiovascular Responses Between Low Cadence/High Force vs. High Cadence/Low Force Cycling

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(4): 419-426, 2016. The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiovascular responses during sustained power output comparing low cadence (LC) high force (HF) vs. high cadence (HC) Low force (LF) cycle ergometry. Nine participants (N = 9) volunteered for this study. Participants signed a Human Participants consent form. A power output of 150 watts (W) for 20 minutes was estimated as the sustainable workload. Participants were instructed to pedal steadily at 50 rpm (LC) or 100 rpm (HC) with resistance adjusted to sustain 150 W. The following measures were obtained each minute during the 20-minute protocol: average heart rate (b*min.-1), blood pressure (mmHg) and Rate Pressure Product (i.e. RPP= (SBP * HR)*100-1). Randomization was used to counterbalance both protocols (HC vs. LC) and demographic controls (N=9). Means and standard deviations (SD) were determined for age (36 ± 13.64 years), resting heart rate (68.83 ± 11.95 b*min-1), resting blood pressure (126.42 ± 13.27 mmHg), body fat percentage (male: 14.7 ± 4.3 %; female 20.6 ± 1.3 %) and height (157.80 ± 10.04 cm). A Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA) was utilized to compare exercising values between test protocols. A Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient was utilized to determine bivariate associations between variables. A Tukey Post Hoc analysis was performed to analyze differences in LC HR and RPP. Statistical significance was set a priori at p \u3c 0.05. There were statistical differences among LC ±HR (130.51 ± 3.36), HC HR (150.83±6.49), LC RPP (204.63± 11.45), and HC RPP (245.57±25.70) Between the HC and LC protocols, the use of HC protocol elicited an increase in HR and RPP

IVOA Recommendation: Simple Spectral Access Protocol Version 1.1

The Simple Spectral Access (SSA) Protocol (SSAP) defines a uniform interface to remotely discover and access one dimensional spectra. SSA is a member of an integrated family of data access interfaces altogether comprising the Data Access Layer (DAL) of the IVOA. SSA is based on a more general data model capable of describing most tabular spectrophotometric data, including time series and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) as well as 1-D spectra; however the scope of the SSA interface as specified in this document is limited to simple 1-D spectra, including simple aggregations of 1-D spectra. The form of the SSA interface is simple: clients first query the global resource registry to find services of interest and then issue a data discovery query to selected services to determine what relevant data is available from each service; the candidate datasets available are described uniformly in a VOTable format document which is returned in response to the query. Finally, the client may retrieve selected datasets for analysis. Spectrum datasets returned by an SSA spectrum service may be either precomputed, archival datasets, or they may be virtual data which is computed on the fly to respond to a client request. Spectrum datasets may conform to a standard data model defined by SSA, or may be native spectra with custom project-defined content. Spectra may be returned in any of a number of standard data formats. Spectral data is generally stored externally to the VO in a format specific to each spectral data collection; currently there is no standard way to represent astronomical spectra, and virtually every project does it differently. Hence spectra may be actively mediated to the standard SSA-defined data model at access time by the service, so that client analysis programs do not have to be familiar with the idiosyncratic details of each data collection to be accessed