6,301 research outputs found
Microwave-assisted synthesis of 3-aminobenzo[b]thiophene scaffolds for the preparation of kinase inhibitors
Microwave irradiation of 2-halobenzonitriles and methyl thioglycolate in the presence of triethylamine in DMSO at 130 °C provides rapid access to 3-aminobenzo[b]thiophenes in 58â96% yield. This transformation has been applied in the synthesis of the thieno[2,3-b]pyridine core motif of LIMK1 inhibitors, the benzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-e][1,4]diazepin-5(2H)-one scaffold of MK2 inhibitors and a benzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one inhibitor of the PIM kinases
Strain Rate Sensitive Constitutive Equations
Stain rate sensitive constitutive equations using yield criterion which incorporates second and third invariants of stress deviato
Infrared Spectroscopy of the Diffuse Ionized Halo of NGC 891
We present infrared spectroscopy from the Spitzer Space Telescope at one disk
position and two positions at a height of 1 kpc from the disk in the edge-on
spiral NGC 891, with the primary goal of studying halo ionization. Our main
result is that the [Ne III]/[Ne II] ratio, which provides a measure of the
hardness of the ionizing spectrum free from the major problems plaguing optical
line ratios, is enhanced in the extraplanar pointings relative to the disk
pointing. Using a 2D Monte Carlo-based photo-ionization code which accounts for
the effects of radiation field hardening, we find that this trend cannot be
reproduced by any plausible photo-ionization model, and that a secondary source
of ionization must therefore operate in gaseous halos. We also present the
first spectroscopic detections of extraplanar PAH features in an external
normal galaxy. If they are in an exponential layer, very rough emission
scale-heights of 330-530 pc are implied for the various features. Extinction
may be non-negligible in the midplane and reduce these scale-heights
significantly. There is little significant variation in the relative emission
from the various features between disk and extraplanar environment. Only the
17.4 micron feature is significantly enhanced in the extraplanar gas compared
to the other features, possibly indicating a preference for larger PAHs in the
halo.Comment: 35 pages in ApJ preprint format, 8 figures, accepted for publication
in ApJ. Minor change to Introduction to give appropriate credit to earlier,
related wor
Understanding Hope: A Review of Measurement and Construct Validity Research
Hope has been discussed by philosophers, theologians, educators, and scientists, to name but a few groups of people, over the preceding two millennia. During the last 15 years, C. R. Snyder and his colleagues at the University of Kansas have developed a theory and associated measures of the hope construct that have received extensive, detailed attention both within and outside the field of psychology. In this chapter, we describe Snyder\u27s hope model and some of the research findings that have supported the validity of this construct. Beginning with a conceptual definition of hope, we move to relevant findings about the usefulness of hope in the lives of individuals in various life arenas. We describe measures developed for assessing hope in children and adults, as well as current issues associated with the validity of hope measurement. Finally, we discuss future directions for further investigation of hope
Continuousâwave trio upconversion laser
We report operation of what we believe is the first continuousâwave laser which relies exclusively on cooperative upconversion by coupled ion trios to achieve population inversion.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70396/2/APPLAB-57-12-1182-1.pd
Continuousâwave, fourfold upconversion laser
We report a new Er3+:LiYF4 cryogenic upconversion laser pumped by a fourfold upconversion process. Excitation at 1.5 Îźm results in laser emission at 701.5 nm on a transition with an upper state at nearly four times the pump photon energy. Mechanisms and the concept of cooperative upconversion enhancement are examined.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71323/2/APPLAB-63-23-3125-1.pd
Astigmatically compensated, high gain cooperative upconversion laser
We demonstrate a cw Er:LiYF4 trio laser in a 3âmirror cavity configuration, and investigate details of the mechanism yielding stimulated upconversion well above liquid nitrogen temperatures with an efficiency of 20%.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71091/2/APPLAB-60-25-3084-1.pd
If cooperation is likely punish mildly: Insights from economic experiments based on the snowdrift game
Punishment may deter antisocial behavior. Yet to punish is costly, and the
costs often do not offset the gains that are due to elevated levels of
cooperation. However, the effectiveness of punishment depends not only on how
costly it is, but also on the circumstances defining the social dilemma. Using
the snowdrift game as the basis, we have conducted a series of economic
experiments to determine whether severe punishment is more effective than mild
punishment. We have observed that severe punishment is not necessarily more
effective, even if the cost of punishment is identical in both cases. The
benefits of severe punishment become evident only under extremely adverse
conditions, when to cooperate is highly improbable in the absence of sanctions.
If cooperation is likely, mild punishment is not less effective and leads to
higher average payoffs, and is thus the much preferred alternative. Presented
results suggest that the positive effects of punishment stem not only from
imposed fines, but may also have a psychological background. Small fines can do
wonders in motivating us to chose cooperation over defection, but without the
paralyzing effect that may be brought about by large fines. The later should be
utilized only when absolutely necessary.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures; accepted for publication in PLoS ON
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