La toma de decisiones del alumnado de 4º de la E.S.O y cómo influye el género en su proyecto de vida.

Este trabajo analiza la toma de decisiones en la adolescencia, por ello es necesario tener una definición clara sobre este concepto, cuáles son las características de la adolescencia y los cambios que se producen en ella. La adolescencia es una etapa donde se vislumbran numerosos cambios biopsicosocioculturales, donde los jóvenes evolucionan tratando de despejar el camino para el comienzo de su etapa adulta. Uno de los escenarios principales y más relevantes son los centros de educación secundaria donde se desarrolla una parte importante de la transición adolescente. En la actualidad existen diversas teorías sobre la adolescencia y cómo nuestra sociedad influye en la toma de decisiones en los jóvenes desde una perspectiva de género. Las opciones profesionales siguen estando marcadas en gran medida por estereotipos de género, esto es, por creencias sobre las diferentes características psicosociales que, en nuestra sociedad, se suelen asociar a hombres y mujeres (López Sáez, 1995). En este sentido, mientras las chicas valoran y se inclinan más por los estudios y las profesiones vinculadas con el derecho, las ciencias humanas y de la salud, los chicos se decantan por ramas más técnicas (Gaviria, 1994; Rodríguez Alemán, 2004; Rodríguez, Torio y Fernández, 2006). Incluso dentro de una misma carrera existen especialidades feminizadas; según López Sáez (1995) podría hablarse de estudios femeninos (los que las mujeres eligen y los hombres rechazan) y de estudios masculinos (los que las mujeres rechazan). A través de nuestro estudio se aborda las siguientes cuestiones: ¿Qué tipo de decisiones académico-profesionales toma el alumnado al acabar los estudios de secundaria? y si ¿existen diferencias de género en la toma de decisiones del alumnado que finaliza la secundaria obligatoria? Palabras clave: toma de decisiones, adolescentes, género, orientación.This work analyzes the decision making in the adolescence. For that reason, a clear definition of this concept is needed as well as the characteristics of the adolescence and the changes experienced in it. The adolescence is a stage where a number of biopsychosociocultural changes are glimpsed, where the young evolve trying to clear their paths to the beginning of their adulthood. One of the main and more relevant stages are the secondary school centers where an important part of the adolescence transition is developed. There are several theories in the present about the adolescence and how our society influences in the decision making of the young from a gender perspective. The professional choices keep being marked by gender stereotypes to a great extent. This is based in the belief of the distinct psychosocial characteristics associated to men and women in our society (López Sáez, 1995). Therefore, while females value and lean towards studies and professions related to human and health science and law, males choose more technical branches (Gaviria, 1994; Rodríguez Alemán, 2004; Rodríguez, Torio y Fernández, 2006). Even inside the same degree there are feminized specializations. In words of López Sáez (1995) we could talk about feminine studies (the ones females choose and males reject) and male studies (the ones females reject). Through our study we will arise the questions: Which academic and profession decision makes the student body at the end of secondary school? Are there gender differences in the decision making of the student body at the end of secondary school? Keywords: decision making, adolescence, gender, orientation

Metabolic subtypes of patients with NAFLD exhibit distinctive cardiovascular risk profiles

Background and Aims We previously identified subsets of patients with NAFLD with different metabolic phenotypes. Here we align metabolomic signatures with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and genetic risk factors. Approach and Results We analyzed serum metabolome from 1154 individuals with biopsy-proven NAFLD, and from four mouse models of NAFLD with impaired VLDL-triglyceride (TG) secretion, and one with normal VLDL-TG secretion. We identified three metabolic subtypes: A (47%), B (27%), and C (26%). Subtype A phenocopied the metabolome of mice with impaired VLDL-TG secretion; subtype C phenocopied the metabolome of mice with normal VLDL-TG; and subtype B showed an intermediate signature. The percent of patients with NASH and fibrosis was comparable among subtypes, although subtypes B and C exhibited higher liver enzymes. Serum VLDL-TG levels and secretion rate were lower among subtype A compared with subtypes B and C. Subtype A VLDL-TG and VLDL-apolipoprotein B concentrations were independent of steatosis, whereas subtypes B and C showed an association with these parameters. Serum TG, cholesterol, VLDL, small dense LDL5,6, and remnant lipoprotein cholesterol were lower among subtype A compared with subtypes B and C. The 10-year high risk of CVD, measured with the Framingham risk score, and the frequency of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 NAFLD risk allele were lower in subtype A. Conclusions Metabolomic signatures identify three NAFLD subgroups, independent of histological disease severity. These signatures align with known CVD and genetic risk factors, with subtype A exhibiting a lower CVD risk profile. This may account for the variation in hepatic versus cardiovascular outcomes, offering clinically relevant risk stratification.National Institutes of Health (R01DK123763, R01DK119437, HL151328, P30DK52574, P30DK56341, and UL1TR002345); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España (SAF2017-88041-R); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España for the Severo Ochoa Excellence Accreditation (SEV-2016-0644); CIBERehd (Biomedical Research Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases) and Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research Program (PMC13 and PMC15); Spanish Carlos III Health Institute (PI15/01132 and PI18/01075); Miguel Servet Program (CON14/00129 and CPII19/00008); Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, CIBERehd, Department of Industry of the Basque Country (Elkartek: KK-2020/00008); La Caixa Scientific Foundation (HR17-00601); Liver Investigation: Testing Marker Utility in Steatohepatitis consortium funded by the Innovative Medicines Initiative Program of the European Union (777377), which receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA; Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Center; Czech Ministry of Health (RVO-VFN64165/2020); Fondo Nacional De Ciencia y Tecnología de Chile (1191145); and the Comisión Nacional de Investigación, Ciencia y Tecnología (AFB170005, CARE Chile UC); Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID ACE 210009); European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (825510)