SYSTEMATIC CONSERVATION PLANNING FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING SPATIAL TARGETING OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICE PAYMENTS IN COSTA RICA

Tropical forests are of high conservation priority world-wide due their high value for harboring biodiversity and providing ecosystem services from the local to global scale. Financial resources for conservation are scarce. This challenges practitioners to design conservation networks encompassing spatial synergies between biodiversity and ecosystem services. Furthermore, conservation networks need to be robust to climate change impacts and the unpredictability of biodiversity response to these impacts. Methodologies for selecting locations that can help achieve multiple conservation objectives and can be easily integrated in current conservation practices are urgently needed. The first chapter of this study was focused on exploring the effect of integrating into conservation assessments two climate adaptation approaches based on environmental heterogeneity, as well as the effect of the selection of planning unit size on resultant conservation networks. With Costa Rica as planning region, our results showed that protecting the representation of the geophysical diversity resulted in conservation networks with over 25% more internal environmental heterogeneity, but more fragmented. Incorporating cross-environmental connectivity, on the other hand, resulted in low increases in environmental heterogeneity. Increasing the planning unit size reduced the effect of emphasizing connectivity between environmentally different locations. These results highlight the importance of testing environmental-heterogeneity-based approaches in each context due the specific characteristics of planning regions prior integrating them into formal conservation assessments. The second chapter focused on exploring synergies between biodiversity and carbon storage priorities, when integrating environmental-heterogeneity-based climate adaptation approaches. Results revealed very low synergies between targeting the representation of regional biodiversity and areas of high carbon content. However, spreading out across the country the selection of carbon priority areas by adding stratification improved the synergies with biodiversity priorities, and revealed locations that could be considered priorities for carbon storage in the distribution range of Dry Tropical Forests; one of the most threatened tropical ecosystem. The extent of gains for co-benefits between carbon-related ES and biodiversity conservation will depend in part on how priority areas are selected for implementing strategies, such as PES and REDD, and will determine the location and amount of tropical forest to be conserved. As indicated by the recent development of the spatial data used in Chapter 2, improving spatial datasets for supporting ES targeting is critical in tropical dry forests. As a result, we developed new phenological approaches to map tropical dry forest type using multitemporal Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager data. The major gains in mapping accuracy realized by the multitemporal analysis bodes well for the future of landscape level ES planning in tropical dry forest. Finally, the promising progress in the detection of functional traits through remote sensing offers further opportunities to improve on the quality of the inputs for the mapping of ES, a topic covered in Chapter 4.Thesis (Ph.D., Natural Resources) -- University of Idaho, 201

Implementación de una carta de pedidos basada en el modelo de la ingeniería del menú para apoyar el proceso de ventas en el restaurante La Farola

Este trabajo de investigación se inició con la intención de diseñar una carta de pedidos que sirva para colaborar en la mejora de las ventas del restaurante “La Farola” con ayuda del modelo que proporciona la Ingeniería del Menú como un instrumento que calcula en técnicas de marketing, cuáles son las preferencias y exigencias que el consumidor tiene con la finalidad de rediseñar los platos del restaurante y ayudar en el proceso de ventas. Esta idea fue propuesta basándose en la incertidumbre de donde, como y que debería ir en la carta de pedidos para hacerla rentable ya que esta es la herramienta principal para maximizar las ventas y ganancias, por ende, la mayoría una gran parte del éxito de la empresa depende de la popularidad y rentabilidad de los platos ofrecidos en la carta del restaurante. Con la implementación de la solución, desarrollada con la metodología XP, donde se uso la investigación cuasi-experimental de variables en su antes y después, se pudo saber el estado actual de los platos y mejorar estos; finalmente, se comprobó que, utilizando el modelo de la ingeniería del menú, la mejora en las ventas aumento en un 35% en el restaurante “La Farola”

Systematic conservation planning for ecosystem services: opportunities for improving spatial targeting of ecosystem service payments in Costa Rica

Tesis (Doctorado) - CATIE. Escuela de Posgrado, Turrialba (Costa Rica), University of Idaho (Estados Unidos), 2016Tropical forests are of high conservation priority world-wide due their high value for harboring biodiversity and providing ecosystem services from the local to global scale. Financial resources for conservation are scarce. This challenges practitioners to design conservation networks encompassing spatial synergies between biodiversity and ecosystem services. Furthermore, conservation networks need to be robust to climate change impacts and the unpredictability of biodiversity response to these impacts. Methodologies for selecting locations that can help achieve multiple conservation objectives and can be easily integrated in current conservation practices are urgently needed. The first chapter of this study was focused on exploring the effect of integrating into conservation assessments two climate adaptation approaches based on environmental heterogeneity, as well as the effect of the selection of planning unit size on resultant conservation networks. With Costa Rica as planning region, our results showed that protecting the representation of the geophysical diversity resulted in conservation networks with over 25% more internal environmental heterogeneity, but more fragmented. Incorporating cross-environmental connectivity, on the other hand, resulted in low increases in environmental heterogeneity. Increasing the planning unit size reduced the effect of emphasizing connectivity between environmentally different locations. These results highlight the importance of testing environmental-heterogeneity-based approaches in each context due the specific characteristics of planning regions prior integrating them into formal conservation assessments. The second chapter focused on exploring synergies between biodiversity and carbon storage priorities, when integrating environmental-heterogeneity-based climate adaptation approaches. Results revealed very low synergies between targeting the representation of regional biodiversity and areas of high carbon content. However, spreading out across the country the selection of carbon priority areas by adding stratification improved the synergies with biodiversity priorities, and revealed locations iv that could be considered priorities for carbon storage in the distribution range of Dry Tropical Forests; one of the most threatened tropical ecosystem. The extent of gains for co-benefits between carbon-related ES and biodiversity conservation will depend in part on how priority areas are selected for implementing strategies, such as PES and REDD, and will determine the location and amount of tropical forest to be conserved. As indicated by the recent development of the spatial data used in Chapter 2, improving spatial datasets for supporting ES targeting is critical in tropical dry forests. As a result, we developed new phenological approaches to map tropical dry forest type using multitemporal Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager data. The major gains in mapping accuracy realized by the multitemporal analysis bodes well for the future of landscape level ES planning in tropical dry forest. Finally, the promising progress in the detection of functional traits through remote sensing offers further opportunities to improve on the quality of the inputs for the mapping of ES, a topic covered in Chapter 4.CATIE (Centro Agron?mico Tropical de Investigaci?n y Ense?anza

Estructura y composici?n de un paisaje boscoso fragmentado: herramienta para el dise?o de estrategias de conservaci?n de la biodiversidad

Tesis (M. Sc) -- CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica), 2004El presente trabajo se realiz? en el territorio del Corredor Biol?gico San Juan - La Selva, Costa Rica en el marco de la b?squeda de una herramienta que contribuya al manejo del paisaje como base para la conservaci?n de los bosques neotropicales y su biodiversidad. A partir de un riguroso muestreo de campo, se identificaron tres tipos de bosque primario de tierras bajas: 1) bosque de Pentaclethra macroloba - palmas; 2) bosque de Qualea paraensis - Vochysia ferruginea - Couma macrocarpa; y 3) P. macroloba - Carapa guianensis. Los cuales fueron caracterizados y comparados entre s?, seg?n su composici?n, estructura, diversidad y riqueza de especies. This study was conducted in the San Juan - La Selva Biological Corridor in Costa Rica in order to find a tool that contributes to landscape management as a basis for conservation of neotropical forests and their biodiversity. Using rigorous field sampling, three primary forest tyes were identified in the lowlands: 1) Pentaclethra macroloba - palMON; 2) Qualea paraensis - Vochysia ferruginea - Couma macrocarpa; 3) P. macroloba - Carapa guianensis. These were characterized and compared with each other by their composition, structure, diversity and species richness

The Biological Corridor San Juan - La Selva is a priority for connecting biodiversity in northern-central Costa Rica

El Corredor Biol?gico San Juan ? La Selva es un ?rea prioritaria para la conectividad de la biodiversidad en la parte norte central de Costa Rica. Por ello, la b?squeda de herramientas metodol?gicas que apoyen a la priorizaci?n de sitios para la conservaci?n y/o restauraci?n ecol?gica es primordial; as? como la necesidad de conocer los tipos de bosque presentes en el territorio. En este estudio se identificaron y caracterizaron tipos de bosques primarios a partir de datos de ?rboles ?30 cm dap y palmas ?10 cm dap. Los tipos de bosque fueron determinados por su composici?n, riqueza, diversidad y estructura. Posteriormente, con el uso de SIG y a partir de la imagen de sat?lite tipo Landsat TM del a?o 2001, se realiz?: 1) un an?lisis del patr?n del paisaje para evaluar la fragmentaci?n de la cobertura boscosa; 2) un an?lisis de vac?os (gap analysis) para los tipos de bosque en dos escenarios de conservaci?n, uno de ?reas protegidas actuales y otro incorporando la propuesta del Parque Nacional Maquenque; 3) un an?lisis de conectividad estructural potencial. Con los resultados de los an?lisis en SIG, se determinaron recomendaciones espec?ficas de conservaci?n para cada uno de los tres tipos de bosque identificados y se modelaron rutas potenciales de conexi?n estructural entre parches de bosque natural, a partir de la distancia m?s corta entre ellos. Palabras claves: Bosque tropical h?medo; cubierta de copas; paisaje; sistemas de informaci?n geogr?fica; ordenaci?n de tierras; corredor biol?gico; Corredor Biol?gico San Juan - La Selva; Costa RicaThe Biological Corridor San Juan ? La Selva is a priority for connecting biodiversity in northern-central Costa Rica. Therefore, it is essential to find methodological tools to rank sites for conservation and/or ecological restoration, and determine the types of forest within the corridor. Types of primary forests were identified and characterized basing on information of trees ?30 cm dbh and palm-trees ?10 cm dbh. The types of forest were defined by composition, richness, diversity, and structure. GIS and satellite images Landsat TM from 2001 were used to: 1) analyze the landscape pattern to determine the fragmentation of forest cover; 2) develop a gap analysis for forest types under two conservation sceneries, one basing on current protected areas, and considering the proposed National Park Maquenque, the other; and 3) analize potential structural connectivity. Resulting GIS analyses were used to generate specific conservation recommendations for the three types of forest identified; potential routes for structural connectivity between natural forest patches were modelled for the shortest distance among them

Scope of work in public institutions and their service location paradox with their teleology Lima Sur 2019

El presente trabajo de investigación esta titulada: “Ámbito laboral en las instituciones públicas y su paradoja de la locación de servicio con su teleología Lima Sur 2019”, tiene por objetivo describir la alteración que se viene realizando en las instituciones públicas, respecto a las paradojas reales que se establecen en los contratos de locación de servicio, con respecto a los fines que plantean dicha institución laboral; en el presente trabajo se ha tomado como muestra a 30 personas calificadas en el ámbito del derecho laboral y asimismo en el ámbito administrativo como especialidad dentro del servicio público y ello de una población de 300 personas de Lima Sur, teniendo como instrumento el cuestionario que fue elaborado a través de una operación de variables, asimismo se justifica por generar un aporte dentro de nuestro ámbito jurídico social; en este sentido, se ha obtenido como resultado que existe alteración del referido sistema laboral de contratación de locación de servicios creando un perjuicio a la masa trabajadora.Tesi

Scope of work in public institutions and their service location paradox with their teleology Lima Sur 2019

TesisEl presente trabajo de investigación esta titulada: “Ámbito laboral en las instituciones públicas y su paradoja de la locación de servicio con su teleología Lima Sur 2019”, tiene por objetivo describir la alteración que se viene realizando en las instituciones públicas, respecto a las paradojas reales que se establecen en los contratos de locación de servicio, con respecto a los fines que plantean dicha institución laboral; en el presente trabajo se ha tomado como muestra a 30 personas calificadas en el ámbito del derecho laboral y asimismo en el ámbito administrativo como especialidad dentro del servicio público y ello de una población de 300 personas de Lima Sur, teniendo como instrumento el cuestionario que fue elaborado a través de una operación de variables, asimismo se justifica por generar un aporte dentro de nuestro ámbito jurídico social; en este sentido, se ha obtenido como resultado que existe alteración del referido sistema laboral de contratación de locación de servicios creando un perjuicio a la masa trabajadora

Potenciación en los números naturales

En este documento, presentamos la unidad didáctica potenciación en los números naturales, fruto del trabajo del grupo 1 de la octava cohorte de la maestría en Educación Matemática de la Universidad de los Andes. Diseñamos esta unidad didáctica para estudiantes de grado séptimo que se encuentren aprendiendo el tema de la potenciación de números naturales en educación básica secundaria. El propósito de esta unidad didáctica es potenciar los procesos de aprendizaje del tema mediante una secuencia de tareas que contribuye a superar las dificultades asociadas al tema como la dificultad asociada a la identificación de los términos de la potenciación, la dificultad para establecer relaciones entre diferentes representaciones de la potenciación y la dificultad para aplicar modelos de situaciones que involucran potenciación con números naturales.In this document, we present the didactic unit empowerment in natural numbers, the result of the work of group 1 of the eighth cohort of the master's degree in Mathematics Education at the Universidad de los Andes. We designed this didactic unit for seventh grade students who are learning the topic of empowerment of natural numbers in basic secondary education. The purpose of this didactic unit is to enhance the learning processes of the subject through a sequence of tasks that helps to overcome the difficulties associated with the subject, such as the difficulty associated with identifying the terms of the empowerment, the difficulty in establishing relationships between differentMagíster en Educación MatemáticaMaestrí