Fire management by traditional comunities in Brazil

Traditional ecological knowledge about fire management is internationally recognized as strategic to mitigate and to adapt to climate changes, conserve biodiversity and ecosystems services and to support the Integrated Fire Managenment. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of the uses of fire in Brazil, evaluating the wildfires causes and identifying possibilities of dialogue of knowledge about the problem. The results are based on a literature review and experiences with fire management in different regions and socio-cultural contexts in the country. The multiplicity and regularity of the uses of fire carried out by indigenous, quilombola and other traditional communities has productive but also symbolic motivations, involving collective and individual practices of landscape management at different scales. For many of these communities, the recurrence of wildfires started to become evident in the 2000s and is related to several interdependent factors. Climate change, associated with changes in environmental, political and economic conditions, increased sources of ignition and generated fuel load, which modifies the seasonality of the burns and the behavior of the fire. On the other hand, the recurrence of fires, combined with the gradual overcoming of the zero-fire paradigm, opened possibilities for dialogue between managers, researchers and traditional populations, providing a better understanding of the complexity and transformations of local uses and fire behaviors. Despite these changes, there is still a need for a dialogue between different stakeholders and scales of environmental governance in order to recognize and respect the dynamic and innovative nature of traditional fire management knowledge. In many regions, the anti-fire discourse is promoted by agribusiness actors, as part of a narrative contesting the territorial rights of traditional peoples and communities. In addition, the literature on the subject also shows a separation between an "objective science" and "traditional uses" of fire, incorporating only partially the traditional ecological knowledge in management decisions. The carrying out of joint activities of monitoring, planning and experiments related to fire can create learning situations where the different actors may contribute to develop adaptive strategies to cope with changing fire regimes.

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

EXAFS and Molecular Dynamics combined study of CaO-FeO-2SiO2 glass. New insight into site significance in silicate glasses.

A new and coherent view of the local environment of Fe2+ in silicate glasses is derived from a combined study by EXAFS and Molecular Dynamics simulation. Iron is located in distorted sites, whose geometry varies continuously from a tetrahedron to a triangular bipyramid. Iron polyhedra are apex-connected to the silicate network, while edge-linked to each other, matching with a random distribution of iron in the glass. Fe2+ does not have the significance of a network-forming element. Its local structure results from the freezing of dynamical exchange processes occurring in the liquid

EXAFS and Molecular Dynamics combined study of

A new and coherent view of the local environment of Fe2+ in silicate glasses is derived from a combined study by EXAFS and Molecular Dynamics simulation. Iron is located in distorted sites, whose geometry varies continuously from a tetrahedron to a triangular bipyramid. Iron polyhedra are apex-connected to the silicate network, while edge-linked to each other, matching with a random distribution of iron in the glass. Fe2+ does not have the significance of a network-forming element. Its local structure results from the freezing of dynamical exchange processes occurring in the liquid

Cationic ordering in oxide glasses: the example of transition elements.

Structural data have been obtained on the cation surroundings in multi-component silicate and borosilicate glasses using chemically selective spectroscopic and scattering methods, such as extended X-ray absorption and neutron scattering with isotope substitution (NSIS). Transition elements such as Ni or Ti may occur in unusual 5-coordinated sites which coexist with other coordination numbers, depending on glass composition. Distribution of cationic sites in the glassy structure is responsible for unusual spectroscopic properties, as shown by Fe2+ Mo¨ssbauer spectroscopy. The environment of cations such as Zn, Zr or Mo, has been determined by EXAFS and discussed using the bond valence theory, which predicts the way to charge compensate the oxygen neighbours and which indicates the linkage of cationic sites with the silicate framework. Cation-cation correlations are given by NSIS up to ~8 Å, indicating an extensive Medium Range Ordering (MRO) with corner- and edge-linked cationic polyhedra, for Ti and Ni-bearing glasses, respectively. This heterogeneous cationic distribution in glasses is consistent with the presence of two-dimensional domains in which cation mixing may occur, as shown in a Ca-Ni metasilicate glass. Three-dimensional domains have also been found by Ni-K edge EXAFS in the case of low alkali borate glasses, with a local structure which mimics some aspects of crystalline NiO. The presence of ordered cationic domains, clearly illustrated by Reverse Monte Carlo simulations helps to rationalize the physical properties of multi-component silicate glasses

Medium range structure of borosilicate glasses from Si K-edge XANES: a combined approach based on multiple scattering and molecular dynamics calculations.

In order to better understand the influence of noble metals precipitated in a borosilicate glass structure, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra at the silicon K-edge were recorded. The presence of noble metals, although their concentration does not exceed 2%, significantly modifies the Si K-edge spectrum. A shoulder on the high-energy side of the white line disappears when noble metals are present in the glassy matrix. Analysis of the noble metal free spectrum was performed by combining molecular dynamics simulations and multiple scattering calculations. The use of both formalisms allows the determination of the atomic environment up to 4.5 Å around silicon atoms. Multiple scattering calculations permit an elucidation of the origin of this peculiar XANES feature, which is a relevant signature of the intermediate range structure. The structural changes within the borosilicate network caused by the incorporation of noble metals are interpreted in terms of modification of the [3]B/[4]B ratio and of the distribution of alkali and alkaline-earth ions within the glassy network

Outcome of Conventional Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Cardiac Arrest Following Drowning

INTRODUCTION: The concept of compressions only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CO-CPR) evolved from a perception that lay rescuers may be less likely to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilations during an emergency. This study hopes to describe the efficacy of bystander compressions and ventilations cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CV-CPR) in cardiac arrest following drowning. HYPOTHESIS/PROBLEM: The aim of this investigation is to test the hypothesis that bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) utilizing compressions and ventilations results in improved survival for cases of cardiac arrest following drowning compared to CPR involving compressions only. METHODS: The Cardiac Arrest Registry for Enhanced Survival (CARES) was queried for patients who suffered cardiac arrest following drowning from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2017, and in whom data were available on type of bystander CPR delivered (ie, CV-CPR CO-CPR). The primary outcome of interest was neurologically favorable survival, as defined by cerebral performance category (CPC). RESULTS: Neurologically favorable survival was statistically significantly associated with CV-CPR in pediatric patients aged five to 15 years (aOR = 2.68; 95% CI, 1.10-6.77; P = .03), as well as all age group survival to hospital discharge (aOR = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.01-2.36; P = .046). There was a trend with CV-CPR toward neurologically favorable survival in all age groups (aOR = 1.35; 95% CI, 0.86-2.10; P = .19) and all age group survival to hospital admission (aOR = 1.29; 95% CI, 0.91-1.84; P = .157). CONCLUSION: In cases of cardiac arrest following drowning, bystander CV-CPR was statistically significantly associated with neurologically favorable survival in children aged five to 15 years and survival to hospital discharge

Structural transformation of vanadate nanotubes into vanadate oxides nanostructures during the dry reforming of methane

The metal-containing vanadate nanotubes namely MeVO-NT (Me=Ni, Co or Pt) were in situ transformed into vanadate oxides nanostructures i.e., MeVxOy, during the methane dry reforming. All the experimental observations through Raman, HRTEM, XRD, XPS, SEM-EDS, TG-FTIR and elemental analysis, strongly suggested that the VOx (MeV2O7, V2O5 and VO2) support contained the metal species that were involved in the dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction. The pristine VO-NT catalyst exhibited a fairly low activity in DRM due to its degradation. In the case of CoVO-NT, the Co3O4/VO2, Co3O4/Co2V2O7 and Co3O4/V2O5 phases were deactivated by oxidation of the Co particles, instead of being deactivated by sintering and coking, as well. In contrast to CoVO-NT, PtVO-NT having PtOx/V2O5, PtOx/VO2 or even PtOx/V2O7 phases inhibited heavy carbonaceous deposition on surface, but sintering was not avoided. The NiVO-NT was active due to the stability of the Ni°/Ni2V2O7 active phase in hindering heavy whisker and filamentous carbonaceous deposits on such catalyst. Using Halgren-Lipscomb algorithm in the frame of density functional theory (DFT), transition states energy for all three catalysts were obtained. It was found that PtVO-NT energy profile was lower than CoVO-NT and NiVO-NT counterparts. This suggested that the Pt sites dispersed on VOx structure was catalytic active during the methane activation in DRM whereas the CoVO-NT and CoVO-NT solids were prone to perform side reactions