HIV screening among newly diagnosed TB patients : a cross sectional study in Lima, Peru

Background: Since 2006, the Peruvian National TB program (NTP) recommends voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for all tuberculosis (TB) patients. Responding to the differential burden of both diseases in Peru, TB is managed in peripheral health facilities while HIV is managed in referral centers. This study aims to determine the coverage of HIV screening among TB patients and the characteristics of persons not screened. Methods: From March 2010 to December 2011 we enrolled new smear-positive pulmonary TB adults in 34 health facilities in a district in Lima. NTP staff offered VCT to all TB patients. Patients with an HIV positive result were referred for confirmation tests and management. We interviewed patients to collect their demographic and clinical characteristics and registered if patients opted in or out of the screening. Results: Of the 1295 enrolled TB patients, nine had a known HIV diagnosis. Of the remaining, 76.1% (979) were screened for HIV. Among the 23.9% (307) not screened, 38.4% (118) opted out of the screening. TB patients at one of the health care facilities of the higher areas of the district (OR = 3.38, CI 95% 2.17-5.28 for the highest area and OR = 2.82, CI 95% 1. 78-4.49 for the high area) as well as those reporting illegal drug consumption (OR = 1.65, CI 95% 1.15-2.37) were more likely not to be screened. Twenty-four were HIV positive (1.9% of all patients 1295, or 2.4% of those screened). Of 15 patients diagnosed with HIV during the TB episode, ten were enrolled in an HIV program. The median time between the result of the HIV screening and the first consultation at the HIV program was 82 days (IQR, 32-414). The median time between the result of the HIV screening and antiretroviral initiation was 148.5 days (IQR 32-500). Conclusions: An acceptable proportion of TB patients were screened for HIV in Lima. Referral systems of HIV positive patients should be strengthened for timely ART initiation

Análisis de autonomía de los estudiantes universitários/ Autonomy analysis of university students

Esta investigación describe el análisis realizado acerca de la autonomía de estudiantes del 2° al 4° curso de la carrera de Ciencias de la educación de la Universidad Nacional de Pilar, Paraguay, en el 2019. Se desarrolla a través de cuatro dimensiones de análisis, las cuales fueron, nivel escolar, personal, académico y social. Adoptó como tipo de estudio el descriptivo, con diseño observacional, transversal, prospectivo; con enfoque cuantitativo. La población estudiada estuvo constituida por 61 estudiantes; para la recolección de los datos se utilizó la técnica del censo y el instrumento manejado fue el cuestionario estructurado. Los hallazgos dan cuenta de que los estudiantes participantes de este estudio poseen una alta autonomía en el nivel personal y social, sin embargo, en el nivel académico y escolar demuestran una autonomía intermedia

Análise Técnica e Econômica do Uso da Energia Solar Fotovoltaica para Consumidor do Grupo a no Oeste do Paraná

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado ao Instituto Latino-Americano de Tecnologia, Infraestrutura e Território da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Bacharel em Engenharia de Energia.A alteração constante do clima terrestre e o aumento do consumo de energia elétrica, a partir disso é impulsado o uso de energia solar fotovoltaica. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso para consumidores do grupo A, onde o estudo de caso está localizado em São Miguel Do Iguaçu –PR com área de produção de aproximadamente 281 m2 e que a principal atividade desenvolvida é de comércio. O análise técnico deste trabalho é feito a partir da metodologia apresentada pelo Cresesb conectado à rede, assim, este análise apresenta três cenários possíveis para, o primeiro é feito o dimensionamento do sistema fotovoltaico a partir do consumo total, no cenário dois é apresentado o dimensionamento a partir da potência da demanda contratada e no cenário três é apresentado o dimensionamento a partir do limite de potência do transformador. Com apoio do software SAM foi obtido os valores de geração fotovoltaica e a curva de carga do comércio. Na última etapa do estudo de caso é realizado o análise econômico que não é considerado o financiamento. Considerando a economia obtida a partir do cálculo do autoconsumo e da geração fotovoltaica pode-se calcular as receitas, e considerando as despesas como os custos de operação e manutenção com esses dados é construido o fluxo de caixa para a seguir calcular os índices econômicos como, payback descontado, valor presente líquido, taxa interna de retorno, índice de lucratividade e custo nivelado de energia

ANÁLISE DA VULNERABILIDADE DE LENÇOL FREÁTICO CONTAMINADO POR DEFENSIVOS AGRÍCOLAS – ESTUDO DE CASO NA MICROBACIA DO RIO TAMANDUAZINHO

Neste trabalho foi analisada a qualidade da água subterrânea de um poço artesiano localizado na Microbacia do Rio Tamanduazinho, e foi verificada a vulnerabilidade da mesma, devido ter em sua região grande área agrícola. De acordo com os resultados obtidos após encaminhar as amostras de água para o laboratório de análises ambientais da região, foi possível identificar a faixa do índice de qualidade da água subterrânea em questão. O IQAs analisado obteve valor médio de 91, consultando a faixa de valores o resultado obtido é considerado de ótima qualidade. Análises de oxigênio dissolvido e DBO são variáveis geralmente utilizadas em águas que recebem agentes poluentes de fontes pontuais e difusas. Neste caso, como a água em questão é uma água subterrânea e a região onde foi coletada a amostra não há lançamento de poluentes e nem há estações de tratamento de água no local, não houve a necessidade de analisar esses dois parâmetros. De acordo com as análises realizadas em laboratório, verificou-se que mesmo existindo a presença de alguns contaminantes como o Glifosato AMPA e pesticidas organoclorados e organofosforados, os valores obtidos foram baixos. Sendo assim, constatou-se que o lençol freático da região possui uma ótima qualidade para consumo e não apresenta riscos à saúde humana.  

Designing with the more-than-human:Temporalities of thinking with care

This one-day workshop brings together HCI researchers, designers, and practitioners to engage with more-than-human temporalities in the context of designing with care. We invite participants to experiment and think with more-than-human time experiences as a starting point to integrate emergent methodologies and practices for more-than-human discourses in design. By using living and once-living media (e.g., fungi, plant and insect specimens, biodesigned artefacts) as starting points for investigating more-than-human temporalities, participants will discuss how a pluralistic temporal approach can offer to the discourse of designing-with nonhuman entities, and how this aligns with emerging HCI research trajectories and concerns

Respiratory symptoms (COPD Assessment Test and modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scores) and GOLD-ABCD COPD classification: the LASSYC study

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Symptoms; COPDEnfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica; Síntomas; EPOCMalaltia pulmonar obstructiva crònica; Símptomes; MPOCObjective To assess the frequency and severity of 24-hour respiratory symptoms according to COPD GOLD-ABCD classification (2017-version), the distribution of the patients with COPD into GOLD categories using mMRC (≥2) or CAT (≥10) scores, and agreement between these cut-off points. Methods In this cross-sectional study (LASSYC study), 24-hour day respiratory symptoms were assessed by the Evaluating Respiratory Symptoms in COPD (E-RS) questionnaire, Nighttime Symptoms of COPD Instrument (NiSCI), Early Morning Symptoms of COPD Instrument (EMSCI), CAT and mMRC scores. Results Among the 734 patients with COPD, 61% were male, age 69.6±8.7 years, FEV1% post-BD 49.1±17.5%, mMRC 1.8±1.0 and CAT 15.3±.8.1. By mMRC 33.7% were group-A, 29.2% group-B, 10.2% group-C and 26.9% group-D. By CAT 22.3% were group-A, 41% group-B, 4.8% group-C and 31.9% group-D. Using the mMRC the severity of E-RS, NiSCI and EMSCI scores increased from group A to D. Using the CAT, the groups B and D had the higher scores. Agreement between mMRC and CAT was 89.5% (Kappa statistics=75.7%). For mMRC score of 2, CAT score of ≥11 showed the maximum Youden’s index (1.34). For mMRC score of 1, CAT score of ≥9 and ≥10 showed the maximum Youden’s index (1.48). Conclusion GOLD COPD classification by CAT seems to better discriminate 24-hour symptoms. Results do not support the equivalent use of CAT≥10 and mMRC≥2 for assessing symptoms.This observational study was funded by AstraZeneca Latin America. The funder had no input into the study design, analysis, or interpretation of the results

Cytotoxic Activity of Triazole-Containing Alkyl ß-D-Glucopyranosides on a Human T-Cell Leukemia Cell Line

BACKGROUND: Simple glycoside surfactants represent a class of chemicals that are produced from renewable raw materials. They are considered to be environmentally safe and, therefore, are increasingly used as pharmaceuticals, detergents, and personal care products. Although they display low to moderate toxicity in cells in culture, the underlying mechanisms of surfactant-mediated cytotoxicity are poorly investigated. RESULTS: We synthesized a series of triazole-linked (fluoro)alkyl β-glucopyranosides using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne reaction, one of many popular click reactions that enable efficient preparation of structurally diverse compounds, and investigate the toxicity of this novel class of surfactant in the Jurkat cell line. Similar to other carbohydrate surfactants, the cytotoxicity of the triazole-linked alkyl β-glucopyranosides was low, with IC50 values decreasing from 1198 to 24 μM as the hydrophobic tail length increased from 8 to 16 carbons. The two alkyl β-glucopyranosides with the longest hydrophobic tails caused apoptosis by mechanisms involving mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-3 activation. CONCLUSIONS: Triazole-linked, glucose-based surfactants 4a-g and other carbohydrate surfactants may cause apoptosis, and not necrosis, at low micromolar concentrations via induction of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade; however, additional studies are needed to fully explore the molecular mechanisms of their toxicity. Graphical AbstractTriazole-linked, glucose-based surfactants cause apoptosis, and not necrosis, at low micromolar concentrations via induction of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade

Cytotoxic Activity of Triazole-Containing Alkyl β-D-Glucopyranosides on a Human T-Cell Leukemia Cell Line

Simple glycoside surfactants represent a class of chemicals that are produced from renewable raw materials. They are considered to be environmentally safe and, therefore, are increasingly used as pharmaceuticals, detergents, and personal care products. Although they display low to moderate toxicity in cells in culture, the underlying mechanisms of surfactant-mediated cytotoxicity are poorly investigated

Physicochemical Characterization of Mesquite Flour (<em>Prosopis laevigata</em>), Particle Size Distribution, Morphology, Isosteric Heat, and Rheology

Mesquite pods were dried and milled. The physicochemical properties of mesquite flour were characterized. The pods were dried at 60°C, 15% RH, and 2 m/s airflow. After drying, two types of milling were applied: (1) industrial blade mill and (2) Blender, and the nutritional composition was determined. The sorption isotherms were obtained at 30, 35, 40, and 45°C for a range of water activity of 0.07–0.9. The particle size distribution and the average particle size of the flours were characterized by means of diffraction of blue laser light; furthermore, the morphology was analyzed by (SEM). The powders were also analyzed by DSC. Alveography was applied to study the rheology of the flour. Mesquite powders are highly hygroscopic, and the (GAB) model displays a good description of the experimental data. Flours expose different morphologies depending on the milling technique; a more homogeneous powder was obtained from the industrial blade mill. Rheological characterization indicates that mesquite flour decreases the tenacity and extensibility of the flour mixture. According to DSC, the flours are very stable over a wide temperature range from 0 to 120°C, and the thermograms indicate a transition of proteins affected by high-molecular-weight carbohydrates and moisture content

Live. Tell. Resist.

This edition of First-Gen Voices features the stories and work of 24 first-generation college students at multiple higher education institutions. The aim is to disseminate a story about us, for us, and consequently, the dominant cultures that have yet to learn from our power