Sequential MyD88-Independent and -Dependent Activation of Innate Immune Responses to Intracellular Bacterial Infection

AbstractMicrobial infections induce chemokine and cytokine cascades that coordinate innate immune defenses. Infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes induces CCR2-dependent monocyte recruitment and activation, an essential response for host survival. Herein we show that invasive L. monocytogenes, but not killed or noninvasive bacteria, induce secretion of MCP-1, the requisite chemokine for monocyte recruitment. Induction of MCP-1, but not TNF or IL-12, following L. monocytogenes infection is MyD88 independent. Consistent with these results, MyD88 deficiency does not impair monocyte recruitment to L. monocytogenes infected spleens, but prevents monocyte activation. Our results indicate that distinct microbial signals activate innate immune responses in an ordered, step-wise fashion, providing a mechanism to specify and modulate antimicrobial effector functions

Efecto del uso de un secador solar tipo invernadero para la deshidratación de alfalfa (Medicago sativa l. var. zaino)

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto del uso de un secador solar tipo invernadero para la deshidratación de alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. var Zaino), las variables evaluadas fueron la humedad relativa y temperatura dentro y fuera del secador solar, los porcentajes de proteína bruta y materia seca parcial. El tamaño de partícula de la alfalfa fue reducido manualmente previo a su ingreso al secador solar donde permaneció durante 4 días para su estudio. Se le realizó a la muestra 2 exámenes bromatológicos completos, el primero antes de ser ingresada la muestra al secador y la segunda al salir de el. La temperatura, humedad relativa y el contenido de materia seca parcial de la muestra fueron evaluadas diariamente. El secador solar tipo invernadero a pesar de alcanzar en su interior niveles de temperatura y humedad mayores a los alcanzados fuera del mismo, no es capaz de producir alfalfa deshidratada, debido a los factores climáticos que afectaron el área de la ciudad de Guatemala, durante el período de evaluación

Tunesiens Wahl setzt ein Zeichen, eine Wende ist sie nicht: Nach der Parlamentswahl blockiert der Konflikt um Staats- und Gesellschaftsmodell weiterhin Institutionen und Reformen

Die Parlamentswahl vom 26. Oktober zeigt, dass viele Wähler ein islamistisches Staatsmodell für Tunesien ablehnen. Sie verdeutlicht auch, wie zersplittert und zerstritten die Befürworter eines säkularen Modells sind, obwohl ihre Zusammenarbeit mehr denn je notwendig wäre, um Reformen umzusetzen und einen modernen, am Staatsbürgerkonzept ausgerichteten Staat aufzubauen. Europa sollte eine Konsensfindung zwischen den Säkularen unterstützen, damit Tunesien international zukunftsfähig bleibt

Transcriptome Profiling of Leaf Elongation Zone under Drought in Contrasting Rice Cultivars

<div><p>Inhibition of leaf elongation and expansion is one of the earliest responses of rice to water deficit. Despite this sensitivity, a great deal of genetic variation exists in the extant of leaf elongation rate (LER) reduction in response to declining soil moisture. We analyzed global gene expression in the leaf elongation zone under drought in two rice cultivars with disparate LER sensitivities to water stress. We found little overlap in gene regulation between the two varieties under moderate drought; however, the transcriptional response to severe drought was more conserved. In response to moderate drought, we found several genes related to secondary cell wall deposition that were down regulated in Moroberekan, an LER tolerant variety, but up-regulated in LER sensitive variety IR64.</p> </div

Expression level polymorphisms for each condition at FDR 0.1 and 0.01.

<p>Expression level polymorphisms for each condition at FDR 0.1 and 0.01.</p

Relative leaf elongation under soil drying.

<p>Bars represent +/- SE.</p

Genotypic differentiation of transcriptome response to moderate and severe soil drying.

<p>Fold change of all genes for IR64 (x- axis) and Moroberekan (y-axis) from FTSW 1-0.5 (panel A, r² = −0.22) and FTSW 0.5-0.2 (panel B, r^2 =0.63).</p

Cell Wall DEGs.

<p>Fold change difference for all cell wall annotated genes with at least two-fold change under mild stress in both IR64 (solid bars) and Moroberekan (striped bars).</p

Overlap of DEGs between IR64 and Moroberekan.

<p>A. Up-regulated FTSW 1-0.5 B. Up-regulated FTSW 0.5-0.2 C. Down-regulated FTSW 1-0.5 D.Down-regulated FTSW 0.5-0.2. The area of circles and their overlap is proportional to the number of genes represented.</p