Current trends in drugs avoided in pregnancy

During pregnancy several drugs are having contraindication, hence their use is less and dangerous to mother along with fetus .Drugs play an important role in improving the health and promoting well-being. However to produce desired effect, they have to be safe, efficacious and have to be used rationally. During pregnancy medication is less preferred but in some times cannot be escaped to treat the ailments in mother. Avoiding medications may be desirable, it is often not possible and may be dangerous because some women enter pregnancy medical conditions that require continuous and episodic treatment (e.g. asthma, hypertension, epilepsy). So here we discussed the medication that can be used safely during pregnancy along with unsafe and highly contraindicated for both mother and fetus. Certain drugs given during pregnancy may prove harmful to unborn child is one of the classical problem in the medical treatment. The main purpose of this review is to prepare a list of safe medications which can be taken during pregnancy with unsafe and highly contraindicated drugs. And also a quick reference for health care professionals. Keyboard: Current, Pregnancy, Drugs, Fetu

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL MANAJEMEN BERBASIS SEKOLAH YANG LEBIH MENGEDEPANKAN PELIBATAN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT UNTUK IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM 2013 DI BENGKULU

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model manajemen berbasis sekolah yang lebih mengedepankan pelibatan partisipasi masyarakat dalam rangka implementtasi kurikulum 2013 di Bengkulu. Penelitian tahun-1 ditujukan untuk mendeskripsikan faktor ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya masyarakat yang potensial berkontribusi terhadap pelaksanaan program sekolah. Berdasarkan data ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya tersebut maka pada tahun ke-2 peneliti akan memberikan penguatan pelibatan partisipasi masyarakat guna memberikan dukungan terhadap implementasi program sekolah, mengajak masyarakat untuk mengidentifikasi apa yang dapat mereka sumbangkan untuk kepentingan pendidikan di sekolah, dan sekolah menemukan cara yang tepat untuk meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam mencapai tujuan tersebut antara lain dengan jalan: (1) menetapkan sekolah yang relevan dengan masalah dan bersedia menjadi subjek penelitian; (2) mengidentifikasi faktor ekonomi, sosial dan budaya masyarakat yang berpeluang memberikan kontribusi dalam pelaksanaan program sekolah; dan (3) memberikan penguatan terhadap komite sekolah agar dapat meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat guna mendukung implementasi kurikulum 2013. Luaran penelitian tahun-1 antara lain berupa: (1) tersusun instrumen identifikasi potensi sekolah dan faktor ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya masyarakat yang potensial memberikan kontribusi pada pelaksanaan program sekolah; (2) deskripsi potensi sekolah yang dapat digunakan sebagai media pelibatan partisipasi masyarakat; (3) deskripsi faktor ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya masyarakat yang potensial memberikan kontribusi pada pelaksanaan program sekolah; dan (4) tersusun standar prosedur pelibatan partisipasi masyarakat dalam implementasi program sekolah. Semua hasil tesebut disajikan dalam (A) Laporan Penelitian; (B) Poster; (C) Makalah Seminar Internasional; (D) Proposal Penelitian Tahun-2

Morphological changes in mycobacteria

Morphological variations at different stages and conditions of growth has been observed frequently in various mycobacteria. Despite years of research, the molecular basis of such variations is still not clear and requires further elucidation. Owing to the pathogenic significance of mycobacteria, currently, mycobacterial research emphasizes on understanding responses to oxygen deprivation, starvation, various antibiotic treatments, latency and dormancy. In this thesis, change in cell shape from rod to coccoid, occurrence of refractive spore-like phase grey, phase bright bodies and branching are some of the morphological variations discussed. Further, this thesis also discusses microaerobic condition (oxygen deprivation) and the localisation pattern of the stressosome complex.

Morphological changes in mycobacteria

Morphological variations at different stages and conditions of growth has been observed frequently in various mycobacteria. Despite years of research, the molecular basis of such variations is still not clear and requires further elucidation. Owing to the pathogenic significance of mycobacteria, currently, mycobacterial research emphasizes on understanding responses to oxygen deprivation, starvation, various antibiotic treatments, latency and dormancy. In this thesis, change in cell shape from rod to coccoid, occurrence of refractive spore-like phase grey, phase bright bodies and branching are some of the morphological variations discussed. Further, this thesis also discusses microaerobic condition (oxygen deprivation) and the localisation pattern of the stressosome complex.

Intracellular localization of the mycobacterial stressosome complex

Microorganisms survive stresses by alternating the expression of genes suitable for surviving the immediate and present danger and eventually adapt to new conditions. Many bacteria have evolved a multiprotein "molecular machinery" designated the "Stressosome" that integrates different stress signals and activates alternative sigma factors for appropriate downstream responses. We and others have identified orthologs of some of the Bacillus subtilis stressosome components, RsbR, RsbS, RsbT and RsbUVW in several mycobacteria and we have previously reported mutual interactions among the stressosome components RsbR, RsbS, RsbT and RsbUVW from Mycobacterium marinum. Here we provide evidence that "STAS" domains of both RsbR and RsbS are important for establishing the interaction and thus critical for stressosome assembly. Fluorescence microscopy further suggested co-localization of RsbR and RsbS in multiprotein complexes visible as co-localized fluorescent foci distributed at scattered locations in the M. marinum cytoplasm; the number, intensity and distribution of such foci changed in cells under stressed conditions. Finally, we provide bioinformatics data that 17 (of 244) mycobacteria, which lack the RsbRST genes, carry homologs of Bacillus cereus genes rsbK and rsbM indicating the existence of alternative σF activation pathways among mycobacteria

Insight into the biology of Mycobacterium mucogenicum and Mycobacterium neoaurum Glade members

Nontuberculous mycobacteria, NTM, are of growing concern and among these members of the Mycobacterium mucogenicum (Mmuc) and Mycobacterium neoaurum (Mneo) clades can cause infections in humans and they are resistant to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. They can be isolated from different ecological niches such as soil, tap water and ground water. Mycobacteria, such as Mmuc and Mneo, are classified as rapid growing mycobacteria, RGM, while the most familiar, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, belongs to the slow growing mycobacteria, SGM. Modern "omics" approaches have provided new insights into our understanding of the biology and evolution of this group of bacteria. Here we present comparative genomics data for seventeen NTM of which sixteen belong to the Mmuc- and Mneo-clades. Focusing on virulence genes, including genes encoding sigma/anti-sigma factors, serine threonine protein kinases (STPK), type VII (ESX genes) secretion systems and mammalian cell entry (Mce) factors we provide insight into their presence as well as phylogenetic relationship in the case of the sigma/anti-sigma factors and STPKs. Our data further suggest that these NTM lack ESX-5 and Mce2 genes, which are known to affect virulence. In this context, Mmuc- and Mneo-clade members lack several of the genes in the glycopeptidolipid (GLP) locus, which have roles in colony morphotype appearance and virulence. For the M. mucogenicum type strain, Mmuc(T), we provide RNASeq data focusing on mRNA levels for sigma factors, STPK, ESX proteins and Mce proteins. These data are discussed and compared to in particular the SGM and fish pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. Finally, we provide insight into as to why members of the Mmuc- and Mneo-clades show resistance to rifampin and isoniazid, and why Mmuc(T) forms a rough colony morphotype

Comparative genome analysis of Mycobacteria focusing on tRNA and non-coding RNA

Background: The Mycobacterium genus encompasses at least 192 named species, many of which cause severe diseases such as tuberculosis. Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) can also infect humans and animals. Some are of emerging concern because they show high resistance to commonly used antibiotics while others are used and evaluated in bioremediation or included in anticancer vaccines. Results: We provide the genome sequences for 114 mycobacterial type strains and together with 130 available mycobacterial genomes we generated a phylogenetic tree based on 387 core genes and supported by average nucleotide identity (ANI) data. The 244 genome sequences cover most of the species constituting the Mycobacterium genus. The genome sizes ranged from 3.2 to 8.1 Mb with an average of 5.7 Mb, and we identified 14 new plasmids. Moreover, mycobacterial genomes consisted of phage-like sequences ranging between 0 and 4.64% dependent on mycobacteria while the number of IS elements varied between 1 and 290. Our data also revealed that, depending on the mycobacteria, the number of tRNA and non-coding (nc) RNA genes differ and that their positions on the chromosome varied. We identified a conserved core set of 12 ncRNAs, 43 tRNAs and 18 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases among mycobacteria. Conclusions; Phages, IS elements, tRNA and ncRNAs appear to have contributed to the evolution of the Mycobacterium genus where several tRNA and ncRNA genes have been horizontally transferred. On the basis of our phylogenetic analysis, we identified several isolates of unnamed species as new mycobacterial species or strains of known mycobacteria. The predicted number of coding sequences correlates with genome size while the number of tRNA, rRNA and ncRNA genes does not. Together these findings expand our insight into the evolution of the Mycobacterium genus and as such they establish a platform to understand mycobacterial pathogenicity, their evolution, antibiotic resistance/tolerance as well as the function and evolution of ncRNA among mycobacteria

Characterization of three Mycobacterium spp. with potential use in bioremediation by genome sequencing and comparative genomics

We provide the genome sequences of the type strains of the polychlorophenol-degrading Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum (DSM43826), the degrader of chlorinated aliphatics Mycobacterium chubuense (DSM44219) and Mycobacterium obuense (DSM44075) that has been tested for use in cancer immunotherapy. The genome sizes of M. chlorophenolicum, M. chubuense and M. obuense are 6.93, 5.95 and 5.58 Mbps with GC-contents of 68.4, 69.2 and 67.9%, respectively. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that 3254 genes are common and we predicted approximately 250 genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer from different sources including proteobacteria. The data also showed that the biodegrading Mycobacterium spp. NBB4, also referred to as M. chubuense NBB4, is distantly related to the M. chubuense type strain and should be considered as a separate species, we suggest it to be named M. ethylenense NBB4. Among different categories we identified genes with potential roles in: biodegradation of aromatic compounds, and copper homeostasis. These are the first non-pathogenic Mycobacterium spp. found harboring genes involved in copper homeostasis. These findings would therefore provide insight into the role of this group of Mycobacterium spp. in bioremediation as well as the evolution of copper homeostasis within the Mycobacterium genus

The Mycobacterium phlei Genome : Expectations and Surprises

Mycobacterium phlei, a nontuberculosis mycobacterial species, was first described in 1898-1899. We present the complete genome sequence for the IV, phlei CCUG21000(T) type strain and the draft genomes for four additional strains. The genome size for all five is 5.3 Mb with 69.4% Guanine-Cytosine content. This is approximate to 0.35 Mbp smaller than the previously reported M. phlei RIVM draft genome. The size difference is attributed partly to large bacteriophage sequence fragments in the M. phlei RIVM genome. Comparative analysis revealed the following: 1) A CRISPR system similar to Type 1E (cas3) in M. phiei RIVM; 2) genes involved in polyamine metabolism and transport (potAD, potT) that are absent in other mycobacteria, and 3) strain specific variations in the number of sigma-factor genes. Moreover, M. phlei has as many as 82 mce (mammalian cell entry) homologs and many of the horizontally acquired genes in M. phlei are present in other environmental bacteria including mycobacteria that share similar habitat. Phylogenetic analysis based on 693 Mycobacterium core genes present in all complete mycobacterial genomes suggested that its closest neighbor is Mycobacterium smegmatis JS623 and Mycobacterium rhodesiae NBB3, while it is more distant to M. smegmatis mc2 155