Quasi-analycité, o-minimalité et élimination des quantificateurs

This thesis studies from the point of view of model theory and topology certain classes of real functions : restricted quasi-analytic functions. Here, a restricted quasi-analytic class E will consist on the one hand of a ring of real functions C ∞, which vanish outside a compact box, containing the indicator functions of every compact box and which is closed by composition, rational powers, implicit functions and C ∞ division. On the other hand, we will require every C ∞ function around 0 either to vanish around 0 or to have a finite multiplicity. For such a given class E, we consider the language L which contains the langage of rings, a symbol for each function of E and one more for the order ; we study the universal theory T in the language L such that T contains the theory of ordered rings and the universal axioms which define the indicator functions of compact boxes, rational powers, implicit functions, C ∞ division, the simple diagram of R (real numbers) and the boundedness of the functions of E on a compact box. We prove that T is equivalent to the complete theory of R in the language L and is model-complete. In particular, T admits quantifiers elimination because T is universal. Furthermore, T is o-minimal and admits local cellular decompositions in terms of E.Cette thèse étudie selon le point de vue de la théorie des modèles certaines classes de fonctions réelles : les classes quasi-analytiques restreintes. Soit E une telle classe, on explicite un langage naturel L contenant E et une théorie T dans L tels que T admet l’élimination des quantificateurs, est o-minimale et est équivalente à la théorie complète de R dans L

La valeur de l’existence en comptabilité : pourquoi et comment l'entreprise peut (p)rendre en compte des entités environnementales pour « elles-mêmes » ?

This thesis studies the integration of environmental entities for their own sakes (EEOS) in external corporate accounting. We firstly place our question (Q) in the framework of Human – Nature relationships, through an analysis of Modernity. This leads us to define 3 generic approaches of Q: a Modern Orthodox one, focused on objectification and which includes in particular the existence value; a Modern one which refers to Environmental Ethics, where non-human entities are subjectified through the intrinsic value; an a-Modern Relational Ecological one. Then we prove that the fundamental narrative of financial accounting is the one of the maintenance of a capital – Fundist, Materialist or monetary. Thus we redefine the notion of capital in an extended way and we elaborate an Integrative Accounting Model (IAM), which systematises the expansion of financial statements to every capital from the capital maintenance principle. We finally connect the integration of EEOS, according to the different generic approaches, to the maintenance of some capitals and we apply the IAM to these capitals in order to obtain accounting models which respond to Q in a systematic way.Cette thèse étudie l’intégration d’entités environnementales pour elles-mêmes (EEPM) dans la comptabilité générale d’entreprise. Nous resituons premièrement les termes de cette question (Q) dans le cadre des rapports Homme/Nature via une analyse de la Modernité. Nous en déduisons 3 approches-types de Q : une Moderne Orthodoxe centrée sur l’objectivation et incluant notamment la valeur d’existence ; une Moderne renvoyant à l’Ethique Environnementale, où les entités non-humaines sont subjectivées via la valeur intrinsèque ; une a-Moderne Ecologique Relationnelle. Nous montrons ensuite que la ligne narrative centrale de la comptabilité financière est celle du maintien d’un capital – Fundiste, Matérialiste ou monétaire. Nous redéfinissons ainsi la notion de capital de manière étendue et construisons un Modèle Comptable Intégratif (MCI), systématisant l’extension des états financiers à tout capital à partir du principe de maintien des capitaux. Nous relions finalement l’intégration d’EEPM selon chaque approche-type au maintien de certains capitaux et appliquons le MCI à ceux-ci pour obtenir des modèles comptables répondant de façon méthodique à Q

Criteria for return to running after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a scoping review

Objective To describe the criteria used to guide clinical decision-making regarding when a patient is ready to return to running (RTR) after ACL reconstruction. Design Scoping review. Data sources The MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Web of Science, PEDro, SPORT Discus and Cochrane Library electronic databases. We also screened the reference lists of included studies and conducted forward citation tracking. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Reported at least one criterion for permitting adult patients with primary ACL reconstruction to commence running postoperatively. Results 201 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and reported 205 time-based criteria for RTR. The median time from when RTR was permitted was 12 postoperative weeks (IQR=3.3, range 5-39 weeks). Fewer than one in five studies used additional clinical, strength or performance-based criteria for decision-making regarding RTR. Aside from time, the most frequently reported criteria for RTR were: full knee range of motion or amp;gt;95% of the non-injured knee plus no pain or pain amp;lt;2 on visual analogue scale; isometric extensor limb symmetry index (LSI)amp;gt; 70% plus extensor and flexor LSIamp;gt; 70%; and hop test LSIamp;gt; 70%. Conclusions Fewer than one in five studies reported clinical, strength or performance-based criteria for RTR even though best evidence recommends performance-based criteria combined with time-based criteria to commence running activities following ACL reconstruction.The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors

Ligament Healing After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture: An Important New Patient Pathway?

Recent studies have shown satisfactory functional results after spontaneous healing of a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). However, current literature on this topic may exclude important parting selection, outcome measures, and long-term results. Rehabilitation protocols applied in those studies, as well as objective assessments appear far from the usual gold standard after ACL reconstruction. Ideally, outcomes measures should be based on the same testing procedures that are recommended to clear an athlete to return to sport following ACL reconstruction. There is still a lot to understand in how an injured ACL may heal, and therefore ACL injury management should be individualized to each patient and carefully discussed

Ecological and Specific Evidence-Based Safe Return To Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction In Soccer Players: A New International Paradigm

Existing return to play (RTP) assessments have not demonstrated the ability to decrease risk of subsequent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury after reconstruction (ACLR). RTP criteria are standardized and do not simulate the physical and cognitive activity required by the practice of sport. Most RTP criteria do not include an ecological approach. There are scientific algorithms as the "5 factor maximum model" that can identify risk profiles and help reduce the risk of a second anterior cruciate ligament injury. Nevertheless, these algorithms remain too standardized and do not include the situations experienced in games by soccer players. This is why it is important to integrate ecological situations specific to the environment of soccer players in order to evaluate players under conditions closest to their sporting activity, especially with high cognitive load. One should identify high risk players under two conditions: Clinical analyses commonly include assessments such as isokinetic testing, functional tests (hop tests, vertical force-velocity, profile), running, clinical assessments (range of motion and graft laxity), proprioception and balance (Star Excursion Balance Test modified, Y-Balance, stabilometry) and psychological parameters (kinesophobia, quality of life and fear of re-injury). Field testing usually includes game simulation, evaluation under dual-task conditions, fatigue and workload analysis, deceleration, timed-agility-test and horizontal force-velocity profiles. Although it seems important to evaluate strength, psychological variables and aerobic and anaerobic capacities, evaluation of neuromotor control in standard and ecological situations may be helpful for reducing the risk of injury after ACLR. This proposal for RTP testing after ACLR is supported by the scientific literature and attempts to approximate the physical and cognitive loads during a soccer match. Future scientific investigation will be required to demonstrate the validity of this approach. # Level of Evidence

Aux origines du capital : Le capital chez Luca Pacioli, entre comptabilité et économie, entre mondes ancien et Moderne

International audienceNous étudions ici la question du capital, d'un point de vue comptable et économique, dans la « Summa » de Luca Pacioli, le Père de la comptabilité moderne. Nous proposons une analyse historique du capital avant Pacioli, permettant d'expliciter certains traits saillants de cette notion à l'époque où est rédigée la « Summa ». Nous réalisons ensuite une étude, a priori inédite, du capital dans cet ouvrage : nous mobilisons en effet, dans ce but, certaines parties de la « Summa », en-dehors de la célèbre partie « Particulis de computis et scripturis » où sont présentés théoriquement pour la première fois le capital comptable et la partie double. Notre but est de voir dans quelle mesure Pacioli est un « pont entre deux mondes (ancien et Moderne) » en ce qui concerne la question du capital

Taking the Existence Value seriously: new ways for firms to grasp Sustainable Development

The problem of inter-generational preservation and management of socio-environmental entities, like biodiversity, and so, the valuation of these entities for their own sake, is a central issue for sustainability. The ecocentric approach of Sustainable Development (SD) tackles this problematic by introducing the ethical concept of “intrinsic value” of an entity, which rests upon the question “should we treat this entity as an end in itself ?”. Besides, the orthodox conceptualization of SD, notably based on neoclassical economics, “translates” this intrinsic value into the economic notion of “existence value” of an entity. This value stems from the idea that individuals can have a benefit from “the mere knowledge that [this entity] is preserved or continues to exist” (in (Krutilla, 1967), independently of any use of it. Existence value is also a part of the Total Economic Value (cf (D. W. Pearce, Markandya, & Barbier, 1989) and, as notably argued by M. S. Common, R. K. Blamey and T. W. Norton, “existence value [...] is particularly [...] relevant to sustainability questions. [... Of the values of Total Economic Value], only existence value aligns directly with this concern”. (in (Common, Blamey, & Norton, 1993) In these conditions, in the first part of this talk, I will present the main arguments which make the existence value an essential ingredient of the orthodox approach of SD. I will then discuss the relevance to integrate this type of value into firms, notably into corporate accounting. I will stress the conceptual, economic and accounting issues raised by this incorporation, especially those related to the assessment of existence value. Indeed, existence value cannot be estimated on a market: only Contingent Valuations are able to reveal it, but this technique poses a problem of reliability. Now, SD is usually divided into three orientations (Gladwin, Kennelly, & Krause, 1995), (Stubbs& Cocklin, 2008) or (Clifton, 2010): an orthodox one, an ecocentric one and what we can call a Third Way, named the sustaincentric, reformist or ecological one, often described as the genuine sustainable approach. Thus, from the problematics raised in the first part, I will propose in a second part another approach to existence value and its integration into firms, in line with the third orientation of SD. In order to take the existence value seriously, this re-conceptualization will notably require a real ontological reflection in a Latourian way (Latour, 1999)