Differential response to calcium-labelled (44Ca) uptake and allocation in two peach rootstocks in relation to transpiration under in vitro conditions

Calcium-labelled (44Ca) uptake and transport under in vitro GreenTray® temporary immersion bioreactor conditions have been studied related to aeration conditions. For this aim, Rootpac®-20 (RP-20) and Garnem® (G × N) were selected as two main rootstocks used in peach production. Two transpiration conditions, aerated and unaerated, were established for each plant material. 44Ca location, plant development and foliar stomata surface were measured after the in vitro culture period. The results showed that aeration improved Ca transport within the shoot, but it did not enhance Ca uptake by the roots. Regarding plant material, G × N presented a better Ca uptake capacity and concentration. The findings suggest that Ca uptake in the roots is a precise process that is influenced by transpiration. However, it was observed that transpiration and thus the water flux is not the only force promoting Ca uptake by roots. Furthermore, the transport of Ca to the shoot was primarily determined by transpiration, indicating that water flux plays a crucial role in the aboveground movement of Ca. The study also revealed distinct behaviors in Ca uptake and allocation between the different peach rootstocks, emphasizing the importance of considering these factors in the selection process of rootstocks. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in Ca uptake and transport in peach rootstocks under in vitro conditions. They provide valuable insights for rootstock selection processes and highlight the need for further research in this area

El progreso de la mejora genética en frutales: ¿Cómo serán las variedades y patrones en el horizonte 2040?

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Adventitious regeneration from haploid melon (Cucumis melo L.) leaves as an approach to increase the frequency of diploid plants

An efficient process of adventitious regeneration from haploid plant leaves to increase the proportion of diploid plants of six elite melon lines ‘Védrantais’ French cultivar, ‘Piel de Sapo’ Spanish line ‘T111’, and four near isogenic lines (NILs: SC 6–6, SC 7–2, SC 7–4, SC 8–4) has been developed. Several hormone combinations, in vitro culture conditions, and leaf positions on the plant stem were analyzed to improve the regeneration frequency and the percentage of diploid plants in these lines. Flow cytometry showed that diploid plant production was optimized by regeneration from haploid leaves as the percentage of diploid plants increased from 11% with regeneration of diploid cotyledons to 60% in this work. Evaluating the four NILs, only the lines SC 6–6 and SC 8–4 showed a significantly higher percentage of diploidy with 80% and 72.7%, respectively. The leaf position factor had no effect on regeneration and ploidy level, while darkness negatively influenced regeneration but had no effect on ploidy. Furthermore, it was concluded that the hormonal combination (cytokinin plus auxin) induces low endoreduplication activity, which is the phenomenon responsible for the polyploidy. Furthermore, this study provided evidence that in melon polyploidy occurs during the process of organogenesis, and, therefore, one should focus on this phase to avoid polyploidization of cells and, thus, avoid polyploid plants.This study was supported in part by the Spanish seed company Semillas Fito S.A. (Barcelona, Spain) and IRTA, Institute of Agri-food Research and Technology, belonging to the Government of Catalonia, Spain.Peer reviewe

IN VITRO SCREENING FOR TOLERANCE TO IRON CHLOROSIS AS A RELIABLE SELECTION TOOL IN A PEAR ROOTSTOCK BREEDING PROGRAM

XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010): International Symposium on New Developments in Plant Genetics and Breeding.A pear rootstock breeding program aiming to enhance tolerance to iron chlorosis is under development. Eighty-six individuals derived from four inter-specific crosses including Pyrus amygdaliformis, P. amygdaliformis ssp. persica, P. elaeagrifolia and P. communis ssp. cordata, were preselected from a field plot based on a comparison to the open pollinated Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ seedlings used as controls. Once established in vitro, they were micropropagated, and the rooted plantlets were tested in vitro for tolerance to iron chlorosis, using six to eight repetitions per clone, before they were acclimated. Twelve plants per clone were transplanted to the field, grafted with ‘Conference’, and their chlorosis level measured during two years. In comparison with previous assays, the availability of repetitions to perform the in vitro test, as well as for the field evaluation, has considerably increased the significance of the regression between in vitro and field response, although the in vitro test was performed on the rootstock and the field response was evaluated on the scion. The level of prediction of the field performance by the in vitro test differed for each cross. The best prediction was found for crosses with P. amygdaliformis (R2=0.72), P. communis var. cordata (R2=0.44), and P. elaeagrifolia (R2=0.41). Further adaption of the in vitro test and studies on the interactions between ‘Conference’ and some rootstocks might improve the lower levels of correlation. According to the in vitro selection tests, the crosses with the highest iron chlorosis tolerance derived from P. amygdaliformis var. persica and P. amygdaliformis, followed by P. communis var. cordata. These are significantly better (p<0.001) that P. elaeagrifolia and P. communis ‘Williams’ seedling. Up to now, the top performing clones derive from P. amygdaliformis, P. communis ssp. cordata, and P. amygdaliformis var. persica. This is in agreement with the tolerance observed in the field.This work was financed by an INRA – IRTA collaboration research program, the INIA project RTA2005-00067, and with the support of Xarxa de Referència en Bio-tecnologia (XRB), and the Ministry of Innovation, Universities and Enterprise of Catalonia.Peer reviewe

Quantitative trait loci analysis of melon (Cucumis melo L.) domestication-related traits

[EN] The fruit of wild melons is very small (20-50 g) without edible pulp, contrasting with the large size and high pulp content of cultivated melon fruits. An analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling fruit morphology domestication-related traits was carried out using an in vitro maintained F-2 population from the cross between the Indian wild melon "Trigonus" and the western elite cultivar 'Piel de Sapo'. Twenty-seven QTL were identified in at least two out of the three field trials. Six of them were also being detected in BC1 and BC3 populations derived from the same cross. Ten of them were related to fruit morphological traits, 12 to fruit size characters, and 5 to pulp content. The Trigonus alleles decreased the value of the characters, except for the QTL at andromonoecious gene at linkage group (LG) II, and the QTL for pulp content at LGV. QTL genotypes accounted for a considerable degree of the total phenotypic variation, reaching up to 46%. Around 66% of the QTL showed additive gene action, 19% exhibited dominance, and 25% consisted of overdominance. The regions on LGIV, VI, and VIII included the QTL with more consistent and strong effects on domestication-related traits. QTLs on those regions were validated in BC2S1, BC2S2, and BC3 families, with "Trigonus" allele decreasing the fruit morphological traits in all cases. The validated QTL could represent loci involved in melon domestication, although further experiments as genomic variation studies across wild and cultivated genotypes would be necessary to confirm this hypothesis.We thank S. Casal, A. Mercader, and M. Mohamed-Amit for technical support and D. L. Goodchild for reviewing the English language. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/FEDER grants AGL2012-40130-C02-02, AGL2015-64625-C2-2-R to AJM, AGL2014-53398-C2-2-R to BP, AGL2015-64625-C2-1-R, Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2016-2020, and the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya to JGM and AMMM-H. AD was supported by a JAE-Doc contract from CSIC.Diaz, A.; Martin Hernandez, A.; Dolcet-Sanjuan, R.; Garcés Claver, AB.; Alvarez, J.; Garcia-Mas, J.; Picó Sirvent, MB.... (2017). Quantitative trait loci analysis of melon (Cucumis melo L.) domestication-related traits. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 130(9):1837-1856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-2928-yS183718561309Ashrafi H, Kinkade MP, Merk HL, Foolad MR (2012) Identification of novel quantitative trait loci for increased lycopene content and other fruit quality traits in a tomato recombinant inbred line population. Mol Breed 30:549–567Asins MJ, Breto MP, Carbonell EA (1993) Salt tolerance in Lycopersicon species. II. 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