La construcción del “problema musulmán”: radicalización, islam y pobreza

En este texto se revisan algunos lugares comunes en el discurso dominante sobre el yihadismo y, por extensión, sobre las poblaciones musulmanas que residen en Europa. Se muestra cómo la construcción hegemónica del yihadismo en los medios, en el discurso político y en el académico, responde a intereses que superan la “cuestión musulmana”. Se comienza revisando dos conceptos clave en esta construcción: radicalización y salafismo; se describen después las políticas securitarias para con el yihadismo y el papel estigmatizador que éstas cumplen respecto a las comunidades musulmanas; por último, se explican las consecuencias y la lógica política del relato dominant

Popular feminisms in North Africa: Women mobilization and the Arab Spring in Morocco

This article analyzes the emergence of a form of feminist activism in Morocco that has started to reactivate after 20F - the Moroccan version of the Arab Spring - and has become more visible on the streets during protests. Its stands outside the historic feminist movement further to its anti-neoliberal character. Due to its involvement in the 20F movement, we propose to analyze it in the light of frameworks elaborated in Latin America, which name it popular feminism. This activism is led by Moroccan women, mainly proceeding from rural areas, who fight for the defense of the common and for the reproduction of life.Este artículo analiza la emergencia de un modelo de activismo feminista en Marruecos que, tras el 20F - la versión marroquí de la Primavera Árabe – comienza a reactivarse y a hacerse más visible en las calles, durante las protestas. Se sitúa al margen del movimiento feminista histórico, por su carácter anti-neoliberal. Implicado en el movimiento 20F, proponemos analizarlo a la luz de los marcos desarrollados en América Latina, que lo nombran como feminismo popular. Se trata de un activismo protagonizado por mujeres marroquíes, básicamente rurales, que luchan por la defensa de lo común y por la reproducción de la vid

Direct evidence for a coordination-insertion mechanism of ethylene oligomerization catalysed by neutral 2,6-bisiminopyridine iron monoalkyl complexes

1H NMR studies on ethylene oligomerization catalysed by the neutral monoalkyl complex [Fe(Me)(iPrBIP)] allow direct observation of alkyl iron intermediates as well as reversible ethylene coordination to the metal center, providing for the first time experimental evidence for a coordination-insertion mechanism of iron-catalysed ethylene upgrade reactions.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad CTQ2012-30962Junta de Andalucía FQM507

Procedimiento para gestionar el sistema de producción en el sector de alimentos en empresas cubanas

The objective of this article is to design a procedure to manage the production system, considering the main technical-organizational and political-economic requirements of the process, as well as its key factors and essential elements. An exhaustive analysis of the consulted methodologies was carried out using selection variables. It was concluded that the proposed procedure improves production planning, organization and control in food companies.  El objetivo del presente artículo lo constituye el diseño de un procedimiento para gestionar el sistema de producción, considerando las principales exigencias técnico-organizativas y político-económicas del proceso, así como sus factores claves y elementos esenciales. Se realizó un análisis exhaustivo acerca de las metodologías consultadas con variables de selección, obteniendo como resultado final el procedimiento propuesto, el cual aporta una vía para perfeccionar la planificación, la organización y el control de la producción en empresas productoras de alimentos. &nbsp

Fluorescein labelled cationic carbosilane dendritic systems for biological studies

Cationic carbosilane dendrimers and dendrons labelled with one fluorescein unit have been synthesized. For dendrimers (generations 1–3), a random procedure was followed by successive addition of two types of thiol compounds to vinyl terminated derivatives, first one with –NH3Cl and second one with –NMe2HCl functions, subsequent reaction with FITC and finally quaternization with MeI. For dendrons, the use of compounds with a –NH2 group at the focal point and –NMe2 functions at the periphery allowed us to obtain the corresponding fluoresceinated cationic derivatives. The toxicity of these dendritic molecules was studied by MTT and their interaction with siRNA Nef by electrophoresis. Finally, second generation dendrimer and their dendriplexes with siRNA Nef were chosen as a model to analyse their in vivo biodistribution in a BALB/c mouse model. The highest levels for dendriplexes were found in spleen and liver, followed in lymph nodes, while lower levels were found in kidneys. This distribution is in accordance with long circulation times.Ministerio de Economía y EmpresaComunidad de MadridMinisterio de Educación y Cienci

Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin Mucoadhesive Delivery System for Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Mouse Model: Characterization, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy

Helicobacter pylori is the main pathogen responsible for gastric ulcers and a predisposing factor of stomach cancer. Although current treatment is usually successful, it requires high doses and frequent administration. An innovative mucoadhesive system (Mucolast®) loaded with amoxicillin and clarithromycin is proposed to improve the efficacy of treatment against H. pylori. The drug product was optimized based on its viscoelastic properties to obtain long-term stability of the vehicle. The drug release mechanisms were different for both antibiotics based on their solubilization status. A systemic and stomach pharmacokinetic profile was obtained after three different doses were administered to mice, obtaining similar systemic exposure levels but an increase in drug concentration in the stomach. The efficacy results in mice infected with H. pylori also demonstrated the superiority of the antibiotics when administered in Mucolast®, as shown by the bacterial count in stomach tissue and under histopathological and biochemical evaluation. The proposed treatment was efficacious and safe and is presented as a realistic alternative to current treatment options to improve patient compliance and to reduce bacterial resistance.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Gobierno de España (programa RETOS)-RTC-2015-4437-

Improved efficiency of ibuprofen by cationic carbosilane dendritic conjugates

In order to improve the efficiency of the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen, cationic carbosilanedendrimers and dendrons with ibuprofen at their periphery or at their focal point, respectively, havebeen synthesized and the release of the drug was studied using HPLC. Macrophages were used toevaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the ibuprofen-conjugated dendritic systems and comparedwith mixtures of non-ibuprofen dendritic systems in the presence of the drug. The cationic ibuprofenconjugateddendron was the compound that showed higher anti-inflammatory properties. It reduces the LPS-induced COX-2 expression, decreases the release of several inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalfa, IL-1beta, IL-6 and CCL3. These results open new perspectives in the use of these compounds asdrug carriers.Ministerio de Economía y Empres

Results on main elasmobranch species captured in the bottom trawl surveys on the Northern Spanish Shelf

This working document presents the results on the most significant elasmobranch species captured in the Spanish Groundfish Survey on Northern Spanish shelf in 2014. The main species in decreasing order of biomass are Scyliorhinus canicula (Lesser spotted dogfish), Galeus melastomus (Blackmouth catshark), Etmopterus spinax (Velvet belly), Raja clavata (Thornback ray), Raja montagui (Spotted ray) and Leucoraja naevus (Cuckoo ray). Biomass, distribution and length ranges were analysed. The majority of the species showed a decrease in biomass with regard to 2013 when highest values of the time series were reached and a new vessel (R/V Miguel Oliver) was used. The results of this last survey, also on board of R/V Miguel Oliver, seem to return to the values previous to 2013. Introductio

Amphiphilic Cationic Carbosilane-PEG Dendrimers: Synthesis and Applications in Gene Therapy

Here we synthesized carbosilane, generation 1 to 3, and PEG-based dendrons functionalized at the periphery with NHBoc groups and at the focal point with azide and alkyne moieties, respectively. The coupling of these two types of dendrons via click chemistry led to the formation of new hybrid dendrimers with two distinct moieties, the hydrophobic carbosilane and the hydrophilic PEG-based dendron. The protected dendrimers were transformed into cationic ammonium dendrimers. These unique amphiphilic dendrimers were studied as vectors for gene therapy against HIV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and their performance was compared with that of a PEG-free carbosilane dendrimer. The presence of the PEG moiety afforded lower toxicities and evidenced a weaker interaction between dendrimers and siRNA when compared to the homodendrimer analogous. Both features, lower toxicity and lower dendriplex strength, are key properties for use of these vectors as carriers of nucleic material.Comunidad de MadridMinisterio de Sanidad y ConsumoMinisterio de Economía y Empres

Dinámica de las bacterias anaeróbicas en las fases terminales de la mineralización de la materia orgánica en el sedimento de los ecosistemas Carretas-Pereyra y Chantuto-Panzacola

The coastal sediments are important sites for the organic matter mineralization. In this ecosystems, where there is a constant input of sulfates, the sulfate reducing bacteria are the most important microorganisms implicated in the last anaerobic steps of mineralization; however the methanogenic bacteria are also important. There are several studies about the function of this anaerobic bacterial communities, mostly them in temperate regions. The aim of this study was investigate the seasonal and, spatial dynamics of sulfate reducing and, methanogenic bacteria in two coastal lagoons sediments located in Chiapas State. Sediment samples was collected at different months. The sulfate reducing and, methanogenic bacteria were evaluated with Most Probable Number technique using different substrates. Several physical and, chemical parameters was too measured. The sulfate reducing and, methanogenic bacteria were abundant in both coastal lagoons sediments. The bacterial density in the coastal lagoons studied was highest than the reported it in coastal and, freshwater sediments located in temperate regions. Seasonal and, spatial variations of the anaerobic bacterial populations were related with salinity, sulfate concentration and pH.La mineralización de la materia orgánica en los ecosistemas costeros, caracterizados por un aporte constante de sulfatos, se efectúa principalmente en la fase sedimentaria, siendo las bacterias anaeróbicas sulfatorreductoras los principales microorganismos implicados en las últimas fases de degradación. Sin embargo, las bacterias metanogénicas en estos ambientes también son importantes. Los estudios de las poblaciones bacterianas relacionadas con las fases terminales de la degradación anaeróbica de la materia orgánica, se han efectuado básicamente, en ecosistemas de zonas templadas. Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la dinámica espacial y temporal de las poblaciones bacterianas sulfatorreductoras y metanogénicas en el sedimento de dos ecosistemas estuarinolagunares localizados en el Estado de Chiapas. Las muestras de sedimento se colectaron en diferentes meses y la cuantificación de las bacterias sulfatorreductoras y metanogénicas, a partir de diferentes sustratos, se efectuó con la técnica del Número Más Probable. Asimismo, se analizaron diversas variables físicas y químicas en el sedimento y agua intersticial. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que ambos grupos bacterianos fueron abundantes en el sedimento de las lagunas estudiadas, cuantificándose densidades superiores a las determinadas en sedimentos costeros y lacustres de zonas templadas. Las variaciones temporales y espaciales de la abundancia de estas poblaciones bacterianas se relacionó con el pH, la salinidad y el contenido de sulfatos