Myself I found : a Jungian reading of Coleridge\u27s The Rime of the ancient mariner

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner1 is essentially a poem of survival through transformation, one which, according to William Walsh, \u27has to do equally with man\u27s capacity for failure and with that which makes available to him resources for recovery. 2 It is also. as Richard Haven recognizes, the record of the evolution of self. 3 Even more specifically, however, The Ancient Mariner is s tale which reveals key elements of Carl Jung\u27s thought: the process of individuation, the nature of shadow and anima forces, the power of dreams and symbolism. Given the myriad and divergent interpretations of the poem--I heartily agree with C.M. Bowra that there is no final or single approach 4 to Coleridge\u27s masterpiece--my purpose must be explorative, suggestive. A Jungian perspective fairly encourages an exploratory approach, as Carl Kepper contends: The very heart of the applicability of Jung to the problem of symbolism is that he requires of us not that we explain (in the sense of explaining away, reducing to something more familiar) the symbol but that we explore it, not that we we remove. the mystery but that we seek to know it in all the mysteriousness it presents.5 In this searching, delving spirit, then, I will discuss the way the Mariner\u27s--and to a lesser extent, the Wedding-Guest\u27s--experiences represent fundamental aspects of the individuation process, which Jung defines as \u27 coming to selfhood\u27 or \u27self-realization.\u27 6 I will concentrate on the roles of the shadow and anima, respectively, vital and necessary constructs of this process. In these sections and throughout the essay, I will emphasize the essential position both Coleridge and Jung attribute to the law of opposites and closely related rebirth motif. Finally, I will explore the ways dreams, color, and bird imagery are symbolic and develop transformation or individuation to reflect the Mariner\u27s degree of awakening. Not only will the complementary of opposites be discussed in this context, but wat Coleridge terms the principle of unity in multeity 10 --what mythologist Joseph Campbell calls unity in multiplicity 11 --and its relation to individuation will be considered. The focus throughout this essay will be on that transformational energy which promotes individuation and rebirth: The study of the symbols of transformation, explains Violet S. de Laszlo, . . . centers upon the basic demand which is imposed upon every individual, that it, the urge as well as the necessity to become self-conscious of himself. . . . For Jung, the path towards this awareness is identical with the process of individuation. Insofar as the transformation results in a new and deeper awareness, it is experienced as a rebirth. . . .1

The Effect of Carrageenan-Induced Inflammatory Nociception on Distress Vocalizations and the Anxiolytic Efficacy of Drugs in the Chick Separation Stress Paradigm

RALPH BROOKS VANCE, JR: The Effect of Carrageenan-Induced Inflammatory Nociception on Distress Vocalizations and the Anxiolytic Efficacy ofDrugs in the Chick Separation Stress Paradigm. (Under the direction ofKenneth J. Sufka) The effects ofstress on pain perception have been well studied, but only limited research has been conducted on the opposite relationship, the effect ofpain on stress level. Femandez-Guasti (2005) found that nociception caused by uric acid injections, attenuated the anxiety-like behavior ofrats in both the elevated plus maze and in the burying behavior test. Additionally, they discovered that the anxiolytic effectiveness of buspirone and diazepam were weakened by the mild nociception. The purpose ofthis study was to apply the same research question to a different animal model in order to test whether the effects ofpain on stress and drug efficacy found by Femandez-Guasti (2005) generalize to an alternate animal model. Six-day-old chicks received intra-plantar injections of.25% carrageenan based on the inflammatory model published by Roach and Sufka (2003). Two hours post carrageenan injection, the chicks underwent 180 sec testing session either in isolation or with conspecifics in the chick separation stress paradigm (Sufka and Weed, 1994; Sufka and Hughes 1994; Feltenstein et al 2004). Fifteen minutes before the test session chicks received i.p. injections of either vehicle (.9% physiological saline), chlordiazepoxide (8 mg/kg), imipramine (10 mg/kg) or prophylactically (two hours before carrageenan injection) administered dexamethasone (2 mg/kg). After the stress test session, the chicks underwent both an edema test, which measures paw volume, and a nociception test, which measures paw withdrawal latency to a noxious thermal stimulus. Carrageenan produced robust edema and nocicetive effects while also attenuating distress vocalizations in the separation stress paradigm. Dexamethasone and imipramine attenuated both carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia in the nociception test and distress vocalizations ofnon-inflamed chicks, but not those of carrageean inflamed chicks, in the separation stress paradigm. Chlordiazepoxide was the only drug that attenuated the distress vocalizations ofboth inflamed and non-inflamed chicks. From this study it appears that carrageenan inflammation causes a competing response with isolation from conspecifics in the separation stress paradigm, causing fewer distress vocalizations. Additionally, the anti-nociceptive and anxiolytic capablities of drugs such as dexamethasone and imipramine compete with one another, making the ability to adequately measure their anxiolytic efficacy difficult under inflammatory nociception and separation stress

Determination of Atmospheric Constituents

Discusses the elements of the atmosphere and its researchers, including, but not limited to, Black, Priestley, Scheele, Canvendish and Lavoisier

Helicopter main-rotor noise: Determination of source contributions using scaled model data

Acoustic data from a test of a 40 percent model MBB BO-105 helicopter main rotor are scaled to equivalent full-scale flyover cases. The test was conducted in the anechoic open test section of the German-Dutch Windtunnel (DNW). The measured data are in the form of acoustic pressure time histories and spectra from two out-of-flow microphones underneath and foward of the model. These are scaled to correspond to measurements made at locations 150 m below the flight path of a full-scale rotor. For the scaled data, a detailed analysis is given for the identification in the data of the noise contributions from different rotor noise sources. Key results include a component breakdown of the noise contributions, in terms of noise criteria calculations of a weighted sound pressure level (dBA) and perceived noise level (PNL), as functions of rotor advance ratio and descent angle. It is shown for the scaled rotor that, during descent, impulsive blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise is the dominant contributor to the noise. In level flight and mild climb, broadband blade-turbulent wake interaction (BWI) noise is dominant due to the absence of BVI activity. At high climb angles, BWI is reduced and self-noise from blade boundary-layer turbulence becomes the most prominent

Calibration Methodology for the Scripps 13C/12C and 18O/16O stable Isotope program 1992-2018

This report details calibration method for measurements of 13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios of atmospheric CO2 by the Scripps CO2 program from 1992-2018.  The method depends principally on repeat analysis of CO2 derived from a suite of high-pressure gas cylinders filled with compressed natural air pumped at La Jolla.  The first set of three cylinders were given isotopic assignments in 1994 based on comparisons with material artifacts NBS16, NBS17, and NBS19.  Six cylinders subsequently brought into service were assigned values by comparing directly or indirectly with this first set.  A tenth cylinder with natural CO2 in air was obtained from MPI Jena.  Aliquots of CO2 from these cylinders, which serve as secondary standards, were extracted into heat-sealed glass ampoules (“flame-off tubes”) before introduction into the mass spectrometer.  Some of these ampoules have been stored for many years before analysis, allowing long-term isotopic drift of the cylinders to be quantified.  All secondary standards contain natural levels of N2O.  The method corrects for any detected drift, while also applying corrections for N2O interference, for isobaric interferences (“Craig correction”) and for an inter-lab offset identified in early comparisons with the isotope lab at the University of Groningen.  The Jena cylinder was found to be drifting upwards in δ18O at a rate of +0.10 ‰ per decade.  Five of the other nine cylinders were found to be drifting downwards in δ18O, δ13C, or both, at rates of up to -0.11‰ per decade.  The secondary standards were applied uniformly across a transition to a new mass spectrometer in 2000, thereby establishing continuity across this transition.  Results are presented also for instrumental precision based on replicate analyses of standards.  Drift-corrected analyses of the Jena cylinder establishes offsets of +0.037 ‰ in δ13C and +0.041 ‰ in δ18O between the Scripps and JRAS isotopic scales (Scripps more positive)

Breaking Kelvin-Helmholtz waves and cloud-top entrainment as revealed by K-band Doppler radar

Radars have occasionally detected breaking Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) waves under clear-air conditions in the atmospheric boundary layer and in the free troposphere. However, very few direct measurements of such waves within clouds have previously been reported and those have not clearly documented wave breaking. In this article, we present some of the most detailed and striking radar observations to date of breaking KH waves within clouds and at cloud top and discuss their relevance to the issue of cloud-top entrainment, which is believed to be important in convective and stratiform clouds. Aircraft observations reported by Stith suggest that vortex-like circulations near cloud top are an entrainment mechanism in cumuliform clouds. Laboratory and modeling studies have examined possibility that KH instability may be responsible for mixing at cloud top, but direct observations have not yet been presented. Preliminary analyses shown here may help fill this gap. The data presented in this paper were obtained during two field projects in 1991 that included observations from the NOAA Wave Propagation Laboratory's K-band Doppler radar (wavelength = 8.7 mm) and special rawinsonde ascents. The sensitivity (-30 dBZ at 10 km range), fine spatial resolution (375-m pulse length and 0.5 degrees beamwidth), velocity measurement precision (5-10 cm s-1), scanning capability, and relative immunity to ground clutter make it sensitive to non-precipitating and weakly precipitating clouds, and make it an excellent instrument to study gravity waves in clouds. In particular, the narrow beam width and short pulse length create scattering volumes that are cylinders 37.5 m long and 45 m (90 m) in diameter at 5 km (10 km) range. These characteristics allow the radar to resolve the detailed structure in breaking KH waves such as have been seen in photographic cloud images

Maternal chemical defenses predict ofspring defenses in a dendrobatid poison frog

Within and among populations, alkaloid defenses of the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) vary spatially, temporally, and with life history stage. Natural variation in defense has been implicated as a critical factor in determining the level of protection aforded against predators and pathogens. Oophaga pumilio tadpoles sequester alkaloids from nutritive eggs and are, thus, entirely dependent on their mothers for their defense. However, it remains unclear how tadpole alkaloid composition relates to that of its mother and how variation in maternally provisioned defenses might result in varying levels of protection against predators. Here, we demonstrate that natural variation in the alkaloid composition of a mother frog is refected as variation in her tadpole’s alkaloid composition. Tadpoles, like mother frogs, varied in their alkaloid composition but always contained the identical alkaloids found in their mother. Alkaloid quantity in tadpoles was highly correlated with alkaloid quantity in their mothers. Additionally, alkaloid quantity was the best predictor of tadpole palatability, wherein tadpoles with higher alkaloid quantities were less palatable. Mother frogs with greater quantities of alkaloids are, thus, providing better protection for their ofspring by provisioning chemical defenses during one of the most vulnerable periods of life

Reduction of blade-vortex interaction noise using higher harmonic pitch control

An acoustics test using an aeroelastically scaled rotor was conducted to examine the effectiveness of higher harmonic blade pitch control for the reduction of impulsive blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise. A four-bladed, 110 in. diameter, articulated rotor model was tested in a heavy gas (Freon-12) medium in Langley's Transonic Dynamics Tunnel. Noise and vibration measurements were made for a range of matched flight conditions, where prescribed (open-loop) higher harmonic pitch was superimposed on the normal (baseline) collective and cyclic trim pitch. For the inflow-microphone noise measurements, advantage was taken of the reverberance in the hard walled tunnel by using a sound power determination approach. Initial findings from on-line data processing for three of the test microphones are reported for a 4/rev (4P) collective pitch control for a range of input amplitudes and phases. By comparing these results to corresponding baseline (no control) conditions, significant noise reductions (4 to 5 dB) were found for low-speed descent conditions, where helicopter BVI noise is most intense. For other rotor flight conditions, the overall noise was found to increase. All cases show increased vibration levels

Integrating Community-Based Interventions to Reverse the Convergent TB/HIV Epidemics in Rural South Africa.

The WHO recommends integrating interventions to address the devastating TB/HIV co-epidemics in South Africa, yet integration has been poorly implemented and TB/HIV control efforts need strengthening. Identifying infected individuals is particularly difficult in rural settings. We used mathematical modeling to predict the impact of community-based, integrated TB/HIV case finding and additional control strategies on South Africa's TB/HIV epidemics. We developed a model incorporating TB and HIV transmission to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating TB and HIV interventions in rural South Africa over 10 years. We modeled the impact of a novel screening program that integrates case finding for TB and HIV in the community, comparing it to status quo and recommended TB/HIV control strategies, including GeneXpert, MDR-TB treatment decentralization, improved first-line TB treatment cure rate, isoniazid preventive therapy, and expanded ART. Combining recommended interventions averted 27% of expected TB cases (95% CI 18-40%) 18% HIV (95% CI 13-24%), 60% MDR-TB (95% CI 34-83%), 69% XDR-TB (95% CI 34-90%), and 16% TB/HIV deaths (95% CI 12-29). Supplementing these interventions with annual community-based TB/HIV case finding averted a further 17% of TB cases (44% total; 95% CI 31-56%), 5% HIV (23% total; 95% CI 17-29%), 8% MDR-TB (68% total; 95% CI 40-88%), 4% XDR-TB (73% total; 95% CI 38-91%), and 8% TB/HIV deaths (24% total; 95% CI 16-39%). In addition to increasing screening frequency, we found that improving TB symptom questionnaire sensitivity, second-line TB treatment delays, default before initiating TB treatment or ART, and second-line TB drug efficacy were significantly associated with even greater reductions in TB and HIV cases. TB/HIV epidemics in South Africa were most effectively curtailed by simultaneously implementing interventions that integrated community-based TB/HIV control strategies and targeted drug-resistant TB. Strengthening existing TB and HIV treatment programs is needed to further reduce disease incidence