581 research outputs found
Environmental distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on Svalbard: Local sources and long-range transport to the Arctic
The environmental distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water, snow, sediment and soil samples taken along the west coast of Spitsbergen in the Svalbard archipelago, Norwegian Arctic, was determined. The contribution of potential local primary sources (wastewater, firefighting training site at Svalbard airport, landfill) to PFAS concentrations and long-range transport (atmosphere, ocean currents) were then compared, based on measured PFAS levels and composition profiles. In remote coastal and inland areas of Spitsbergen, meltwater had the highest mean ÎŁPFAS concentration (6.5 ± 1.3 ng Lâ1), followed by surface snow (2.5 ± 1.7 ng Lâ1), freshwater (2.3 ± 1.1 ng Lâ1), seawater (1.05 ± 0.64 ng Lâ1), lake sediments (0.084 ± 0.038 ng gâ1 dry weight (dw)) and marine sediments (â1 dw, median 0.015 ng gâ1 dw). Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTSA) were predominant in water and soil samples influenced by local sources, while perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA) were predominant in water and sediment from remote coastal and inland areas of Svalbard. The PFAS composition profiles observed in remote areas indicated that atmospheric transport and oxidation of volatile precursors is an important source of PFCA on Svalbard. Shorter-chain PFAS such as perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) were the predominant PFAS in freshwater, reflecting replacement of C8-chained PFAS with shorter-chained compounds. The comparatively high PFAS (especially PFBA) concentration in meltwater indicated that melting of snow and ice during the Arctic spring is an important diffuse local PFAS source. This source may become even more important with climate warming-induced melting of Arctic glaciers and ice sheets. Further studies of mobilisation and transport of PFAS in the Arctic region are needed to confirm this trend
Anticipation in Human-Robot Cooperation: A Recurrent Neural Network Approach for Multiple Action Sequences Prediction
Close human-robot cooperation is a key enabler for new developments in
advanced manufacturing and assistive applications. Close cooperation require
robots that can predict human actions and intent, and understand human
non-verbal cues. Recent approaches based on neural networks have led to
encouraging results in the human action prediction problem both in continuous
and discrete spaces. Our approach extends the research in this direction. Our
contributions are three-fold. First, we validate the use of gaze and body pose
cues as a means of predicting human action through a feature selection method.
Next, we address two shortcomings of existing literature: predicting multiple
and variable-length action sequences. This is achieved by introducing an
encoder-decoder recurrent neural network topology in the discrete action
prediction problem. In addition, we theoretically demonstrate the importance of
predicting multiple action sequences as a means of estimating the stochastic
reward in a human robot cooperation scenario. Finally, we show the ability to
effectively train the prediction model on a action prediction dataset,
involving human motion data, and explore the influence of the model's
parameters on its performance. Source code repository:
https://github.com/pschydlo/ActionAnticipationComment: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) 2018,
Accepte
Optimal time sharing in underlay cognitive radio systems with RF energy harvesting
Due to the fundamental tradeoffs, achieving spectrum efficiency and energy
efficiency are two contending design challenges for the future wireless
networks. However, applying radio-frequency (RF) energy harvesting (EH) in a
cognitive radio system could potentially circumvent this tradeoff, resulting in
a secondary system with limitless power supply and meaningful achievable
information rates. This paper proposes an online solution for the optimal time
allocation (time sharing) between the EH phase and the information transmission
(IT) phase in an underlay cognitive radio system, which harvests the RF energy
originating from the primary system. The proposed online solution maximizes the
average achievable rate of the cognitive radio system, subject to the
-percentile protection criteria for the primary system. The
optimal time sharing achieves significant gains compared to equal time
allocation between the EH and IT phases.Comment: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Communications (IEEE ICC 2015), 8-12 June 2015, London, U
Generic Multiuser Coordinated Beamforming for Underlay Spectrum Sharing
The beamforming techniques have been recently studied as possible enablers
for underlay spectrum sharing. The existing beamforming techniques have several
common limitations: they are usually system model specific, cannot operate with
arbitrary number of transmit/receive antennas, and cannot serve arbitrary
number of users. Moreover, the beamforming techniques for underlay spectrum
sharing do not consider the interference originating from the incumbent primary
system. This work extends the common underlay sharing model by incorporating
the interference originating from the incumbent system into generic combined
beamforming design that can be applied on interference, broadcast or multiple
access channels. The paper proposes two novel multiuser beamforming algorithms
for user fairness and sum rate maximization, utilizing newly derived convex
optimization problems for transmit and receive beamformers calculation in a
recursive optimization. Both beamforming algorithms provide efficient operation
for the interference, broadcast and multiple access channels, as well as for
arbitrary number of antennas and secondary users in the system. Furthermore,
the paper proposes a successive transmit/receive optimization approach that
reduces the computational complexity of the proposed recursive algorithms. The
results show that the proposed complexity reduction significantly improves the
convergence rates and can facilitate their operation in scenarios which require
agile beamformers computation.Comment: 30 pages, 5 figure
Set Membership Parameter Estimation and Design of Experiments Using Homothety
In this note we address the problems of obtaining guaranteed and as good as possible estimates of system parameters for linear discreteâtime systems subject to bounded disturbances. Some existing results relevant for the setâmembership parameter identification and outerâbounding are first reviewed. Then, a novel method for characterizing the consistent parameter set based on homothety is offered; the proposed method allows for the utilization of general compact and convex sets for outerâbounding. Based on these results, we consider the oneâstep input design and identifiability problems in setâmembership setting. We provide a guaranteed approach for the oneâstep input design problem, by selecting optimal inputs for the purpose of parameter estimation. As optimality criterion, the dimension and the outerâ bounding volume of the âanticipated â consistent parameter set is considered. We furthermore derive a sufficient criterion for (oneâstep) parameter identifiability, i.e. when a point estimate for a parameter can be guaranteed for all possible measurements
Reachability analysis of discrete-time systems with disturbances
Published versio
Long-term trends in bottom water chemistry of Swedish lakes
Long-term monitoring of lake water is essential for tracking local and long-range effects of anthro-pogenic pressure and to inform policy aiming at mitigating human environmental impacts. Swedish reference lakes are recovering from acidification; are subject to climate change and increasing inputs of terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM). The integrated effects of different environmental pressures alters lake water chemistry and, consequently, affects lake ecosystems. Most time trend analyses have focused on changes in surface water chemistry, whereas less is known about trends in bottom waters. The overall aim of this study was therefore to assess long-term trends (1988-2015) in bottom water chemistry of Swedish reference lakes (n=13) in relation to trends in surface waters. The hypothesis was that the prevalent increasing DOM concentrations in northern lakes have exacerbated the depletion of hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO), as a result of DOM induced prolongation of stratification. Consequently, bottom water NH4-N (nitrate reduction to ammonia) and TP (internal loading) were expected to have increased over time in affected lakes. Time trend analysis (Mann-Kendall, p<0.05) showed that the yearly median bottom water DO has significantly decreased in 7 lakes. In 6 of these lakes (and 2 additional), surface water total organic carbon (TOC) has increased over time, however, rising TOC concentrations were more prevalent in bottom waters (12 lakes). The results further showed that bottom water nitrogen from ammonia (NH4-N) has increased in the 7 lakes with declining DO, whereas bottom water total phosphorus (TP) has increased in 4 of these lakes. In contrast, surface water TP has declined in 7 lakes, which may have masked additional increased internal loading of P. Closer observation of bottom water chemistry revealed that as DO levels dropped, TOC, NH4-N and TP concentrations peaked and were particularly high during periods of sustained anoxia (â„one year). The results also showed that bottom water Si concentrations have increased in most lakes. In the bottom waters of Brunnsjön, a sustained anoxic period coincided with a 32% step change in Si concentration. In conclusion, the underlying mechanism of the observed rising trends in bottom water TOC, NH4-N and TP are likely a result of prolonged or increased incidence of DO depleted hypolimnia. Clearly, monitoring of bottom waters can reveal important aspects of long-term changes in lake water chemistry. Future research is needed to further assess the long-term effects of brownification and climate change on bottom water DO in northern lakes
Approximation of the minimal robustly positively invariant set for discrete-time LTI systems with persistent state disturbances
Published versio
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