Role and responsibilities of a teacher in the lifelong learning sector

Teaching is quite challenging and demanding alongside with many other careers. The main role of every teacher is to involve and engage your students in learning activities. An appropriate level of language, appropriate terms understandable to your students will motivate them to learn mor

High-salt diet causes osmotic gradients and hyperosmolality in skin without affecting interstitial fluid and lymph

The common notion is that the body Na+ is maintained within narrow limits for fluid and blood pressure homeostasis. Several studies have, however, shown that considerable amounts of Na+ can be retained or removed from the body without commensurate water loss and that the skin can serve as a major salt reservoir. Our own data from rats have suggested that the skin is hypertonic compared with plasma on salt storage and that this also applies to skin interstitial fluid. Even small electrolyte gradients between plasma and interstitial fluid would represent strong edema-generating forces. Because the water accumulation has been shown to be modest, we decided to reexamine with alternative methods in rats whether interstitial fluid is hypertonic during salt accumulation induced by high-salt diet (8% NaCl and 1% saline to drink) or deoxycorticosterone pellet implantation. These treatments resulted both in increased systemic blood pressure, skin salt, and water accumulation and in skin hyperosmolality. Interstitial fluid isolated from implanted wicks and lymph draining the skin was, however, isosmotic, and Na+ concentration in fluid isolated by centrifugation and in lymph was not different from plasma. Interestingly, by eluting layers of the skin, we could show that there was an osmolality and urea gradient from epidermis to dermis. Collectively, our data suggest that fluid leaving the skin as lymph is isosmotic to plasma but also that the skin can differentially control its own electrolyte microenvironment by creating local gradients that may be functionally important.acceptedVersio

SPECIES DIVERSITY OF BIFIDOBACTERIA IN CHILDREN WITH FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

The main aim of this research was to identify species ratio and compatibility in children with functional disorders of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) using PCR method, with, species-specific primers for bifidobacteria. The assessment of intestinal microbiota symbionts composition, was made simultaneously. Dysbiosis changes of I—II degree in large intestine microbiocenosis in 86 children examined, were detected. The definition, of bifidobacteria species profile with, the dominance of B. longum, B. catenulatum. and B. bifidum. will allow to optimize the treatment of this pathology

REGIONAL FEATURES OF BIFIDOBACTERIA ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY IN INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA OF CHILDREN LIVING IN SIBERIA

Antagonistic properties of bifidobacteria to opportunistic microorganisms in vitro and mechanism of antagonistic activity decreasing were studied and. analyzed. Great percentage of bifidobacteria regional population strains with low antagonistic activity to transitional opportunistic microorganisms is registered. It results to colonization. resistance decreasing and. requires development of the preventive probiotics therapy methods to correct

DETECTION OF PATHOGENICITY GENES ENCODING ABILITY TO TOXIGENESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM THE CHILDREN INTESTINAL BIOTOPE

Shiga toxins (stxs) are the virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli has been recognized as an important food-borne pathogen that causes severe diseases such as a hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Provides information about the species composition of the major opportunistic organisms that inhabit this biotope. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 96 strains of E. coli were examined for the presence of genes stx1 and stx2 coding the ability to toxigenesis. They were isolated from the children with functional disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract. Both pathogenicity genes present in the genome of E. coli with normal enzyme activity more often (stx1 in 24,2 % of genomes, stx2 in 9,1 %). The presence of stx1 and stx2 genes in different biochemical variants of E. coli allows to ascertain the fact of presence of a potentially pathogenicity reservoir in non-pathogenic forms of E. coli. Intestinal microflora is integral part of each individual. Further studying of its functions, the states interfering qualitative and quantitative composition of microorganisms, colonizing human gastrointestinal tract, as well as the pathogenic potential

Locating primary somatosensory cortex in human brain stimulation studies: experimental evidence

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over human primary somatosensory cortex (S1) does not produce immediate outputs. Researchers must therefore rely on indirect methods for TMS coil positioning. The “gold standard” is to use individual functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, but the majority of studies don’t do this. The most common method to locate the hand area of S1 (S1-hand) is to move the coil posteriorly from the hand area of primary motor cortex (M1-hand). Yet, S1-hand is not directly posterior to M1-hand. We localized the index finger area of S1-hand (S1-index) experimentally in four ways. First, we reanalyzed functional MRI data from 20 participants who received vibrotactile stimulation to their 10 digits. Second, to assist the localization of S1-hand without MRI data, we constructed a probabilistic atlas of the central sulcus from 100 healthy adult MRIs and measured the likely scalp location of S1-index. Third, we conducted two experiments mapping the effects of TMS across the scalp on tactile discrimination performance. Fourth, we examined all available neuronavigation data from our laboratory on the scalp location of S1-index. Contrary to the prevailing method, and consistent with systematic review evidence, S1-index is close to the C3/C4 electroencephalography (EEG) electrode locations on the scalp, ~7–8 cm lateral to the vertex, and ~2 cm lateral and 0.5 cm posterior to the M1-hand scalp location. These results suggest that an immediate revision to the most commonly used heuristic to locate S1-hand is required. The results of many TMS studies of S1-hand need reassessment

Analysis of phagoand antibiotic sensitivity of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria isolated from women of reproductive age

Pelvic inflammatory diseases occupy a special place in the structure of general morbidity, and are polymicrobial in nature with dominance of opportunistic microorganisms, in particular bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The aim was to study the composition of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age with pelvic inflammatory diseases, as well as to determine the sensitivity of isolated microorganisms to antibiotics and bacteriophages. The study included 70 women of reproductive age, among them 37 were diagnosed with colpitis and cervicitis, 33 women in the comparison group (women screened for a diagnosis). Isolated microorganisms were identified by abdominoperineal methods, including the disk diffusion method to determine the sensitivity of microorganism cultures of Enterobacteriaceae family to antibiotics, and the method of crosses (evaluation of lytic activity of bacteriophages by the number of crosses) to determine the sensitivity to specific therapeutic bacteriophages. Vaginal biocenosis was characterized by deficit of lactobacilli (< 106 CFU/ml in 100 %), the presence of conditionally pathogenic microflora: bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family, coccal flora and Candida fungi. From 60.0 to 89.3 % of Enterobacteria strains were resistant to aminoglycosides and quinolones, but also had a low level of sensitivity to therapeutic bacteriophages. The obtained data indicate the reduction of colonization resistance of vaginal mucosa in pelvic inflammatory diseases and specify the need to use medicinal drugs only under medical supervision to prevent clinically significant drug resistance

MICROECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE OF DIFFERENT BIOTOPES IN CHILDREN LIVING IN IRKUTSK REGION

Intestinal, nasopharyngeal microbiocenoses peculiarities and bifidobacteria species composition in children living in the Irkutsk region industrial cities under existing technogenic loading conditions have been studied. Major microbiocenosis variants in children living in the cities with the different levels of the atmospheric air pollution have been determine

ANTITOXIC ANTIDIPHTHERIAL ANTIBODIES IN BLOOD SERUM OF HEALTHY ADULTS UNDER DIFFERENT VACCINATION SCHEMES

Intensity of immunity to the diphtheria is analyzed, in the article according to the levels of antitoxic antibodies in blood serum, of healthy adults from 20 to 51 years and older who live in England, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia and. Finland. In Russia displacement of morbidity during the epidemic of 1993—1996 to the older age groups caused, inclusion of compulsory revaccination of adults every 10 years after the latest vaccination, of teenagers in 14 years in National calendar of o prophylactic vaccination, in 1998. Chosen tactics of vaccinal prevention, wasn't included, in National calendars of o prophylactic vaccination, of other countries including European except for Finland. On the basis of the analysis for the optimization, of vaccinal prevention, of diphtheria the authors propose: to transfer revaccination of children from the age of 18 months to the age of 3—6 years (like in Italy, England, and. Finland), to realize vaccination, of adults individually taking into account the content of antitoxic antibodies in blood serum.. Key words: diphtheria, vaccinal prevention, antitoxic antibodie