Do PGI integrated farms perform better? The case of the beef farms in Spain

European rural development policy is gaining in importance through one of its key instruments, the Protected Geographical Indications (PGI) system, which is designed to improve quality standards. Previous research has shown that PGI-certified beef farms tend to be more extensively managed operations that are better adapted to mountainous areas. This paper describes a comparative study of two production systems, one with PGI certification and one without, focusing on a number of economic variables. The results show a positive association between PGI production and profitability. In efficiency terms, non-certified farms show better pure technical efficiency scores, while PGI-certified holdings score higher on scale efficiency

The atmospheric role in the Arctic water cycle: A review on processes, past and future changes, and their impacts

This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.Atmospheric humidity, clouds, precipitation, and evapotranspiration are essential components of the Arctic climate system. During recent decades, specific humidity and precipitation have generally increased in the Arctic, but changes in evapotranspiration are poorly known. Trends in clouds vary depending on the region and season. Climate model experiments suggest that increases in precipitation are related to global warming. In turn, feedbacks associated with the increase in atmospheric moisture and decrease in sea ice and snow cover have contributed to the Arctic amplification of global warming. Climate models have captured the overall wetting trend but have limited success in reproducing regional details. For the rest of the 21st century, climate models project strong warming and increasing precipitation, but different models yield different results for changes in cloud cover. The model differences are largest in months of minimum sea ice cover. Evapotranspiration is projected to increase in winter but in summer to decrease over the oceans and increase over land. Increasing net precipitation increases river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Over sea ice in summer, projected increase in rain and decrease in snowfall decrease the surface albedo and, hence, further amplify snow/ice surface melt. With reducing sea ice, wind forcing on the Arctic Ocean increases with impacts on ocean currents and freshwater transport out of the Arctic. Improvements in observations, process understanding, and modeling capabilities are needed to better quantify the atmospheric role in the Arctic water cycle and its changes.We thank all colleagues involved in the Arctic Freshwater Synthesis (AFS) for fruitful discussions. In particular, John Walsh is acknowledged for his constructive comments on the manuscript. AFS has been sponsored by the World Climate Research Programme’s Climate and the Cryosphere project (WCRP-CliC), the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), and the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). The work for this paper has been supported by the Academy of Finland (contracts 259537 and 283101), the UK Natural Environment Research Council (grant NE/J019585/1), the US National Science Foundation grant ARC-1023592 and the Program “Arctic” and the Basic Research Program of the Presidium Russian Academy of Sciences. NCAR is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation. We gratefully acknowledge the project coordination and meeting support of Jenny Baeseman and Gwenaelle Hamon at the CliC International Project Office. No new data were applied in the manuscript. Data applied for Figures 2 and 3 are available from the JRA-55 archive at http://jra. kishou.go.jp/JRA-55/index_en. html#usage

The state of scientific development of the problem of human rights communication of the victim in criminal proceedings in Ukraine

The article examines the state of scientific development of the problem of human rights communication of the victim in the criminal proceedings of Ukraine.According to Article 2 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, the primary task of criminal proceedings and the essence of the criminal procedure are the protection of the victim, their rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests. The right of the victim to human rights communication is understood as the possibility provided by the criminal procedural law for the victim, their representative, legal representative, or successor to receive information about criminal proceedings, exchange information about the state of criminal proceedings, and influence criminal proceedings in order to protect and restore the violated rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of the relevant participant in criminal proceedings. The problem of human rights communication of the victim is intended to thoroughly and holistically integrate numerous aspects related to the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the victim. It also strives to direct new impulses of scientific research in the field of protection of victim rights to the improvement of the mechanism for the implementation of relevant rights in the adversarial criminal process based on a victim-centered approach. This article examines the issues that have not been raised in scientific works yet but are essential for criminal procedure theory and law enforcement. The article emphasizes that it is relevant to substantiate and study the victim’s right to procedural communication and the concept of human rights communication of the victim in criminal proceedings. It also highlights communicative equality as a fundamental value, which permeates the rules of criminal law and procedure, the criminal procedure activity of the victim, and communication guarantees and barriers that contribute to or interfere with the latter