Implementation of Neural Network Based Least Mean Square Algorithm with PID-VPI Controller and Integrated Electronic Load Controller for Isolated Asynchronous Small Hydro Generation

The Hydro power is recognized as the promising and widely used renewable source of energy for power generation in large scale, it is gaining popularity due to rising rate of depletion as well as increasing cost of fossil fuels. The Hydro power is very economical in case of run-of-the-river scheme, and environmental friendly keeping in mind the harmful effect of fossil fuels on the climate change. This paper deals with neural network (NN) based least mean square (LMS) algorithm known as adaptive linear element (ADALINE) algorithm, with PID-VPI controller for isolated asynchronous generator (IAG) with integrated electronic load controller (IELC) in small hydro generation feeding three-phase four-wire nonlinear load with neutral-current compensation. The integrated electronic load controller (IELC) is based on zigzag/three single-phase transformers and a six-leg insulated-gate bipolar-transistor-based current-controlled voltage-source converter, a chopper switch, and an auxiliary load on its dc bus. The integrated electronic load controller (IELC) utilizes Adaptive linear element (Adaline) to extract the positive-sequence fundamental-frequency component of load current to obtain load balancing in integrated manner and to control the voltage and frequency of the isolated asynchronous generator (IAG). Non-linear loads are considered for critical evaluation of system, as they have the capability to introduce harmonics that are deleterious for any system. The propound system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed integrated electronic load controller for the control of isolated asynchronous generator. Keywords:Neural Network (NN), Least Mean Square (LMS), Adaptive Linear Element (ADALINE) Proportional integral derivative controller (PID), Vector proportional integral controller (VPI), integrated electronic load controller (IELC), isolated asynchronous generator (IAG), small hydro generation, voltage-source converter (VSC), voltage and frequency control

Stand-Alone Wind Power Generation using Adaline Based Integrated Electronic Load Controller

Wind power is clean, economical and environmentally friendly. It is promising alternative electric power generation source at the time of unavailability of fossil fuel and reduces concern over the harmful effects of climate change due to excessive pollution caused by use of fossil fuels. This paper proposes the adaptive linear element (adaline) algorithm based integrated electronic load controller for an isolated windturbine-driven power generation. The adaline extracts the fundamental component of load current to control the voltage and frequency of generator with balancing loads in an integrated manner. The IELC is realized using zigzag/three single-phase transformers and a six-leg insulated-gate bipolar-transistor-based current controlled voltage-source converter, a chopper switch, and an auxiliary load on its dc bus. The generating system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB environment using Simulink and Simpower System toolboxes. Keywords: Integrated Electronic Load Controller (IELC), Voltage and Frequency Control, Adaptive linear element (ADALINE), Wind Turbine, Wind Power, Wind Farm (WF)

Performance of Wind Farm Employing Type-4 Wind Turbine with D-Statcom

Wind power is environmentally friendly and cost-predictable nature. It is widely recognized as a promising alternative electric power generation source at a time of uncertain fossil fuel costs and concern over the harmful effects of climate change. Various problems arise due to the rapid injection of wind power in the electrical grid, affecting the power quality. Harmonics and various power quality problems like voltage sag and swell are of common occurrence due to the voltage injected by the wind generators in the electrical grid. These may result into severe problems such as system frequency mismatch and change in power line capability. To reduce such problems a distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) is employed.  The DSTATCOM is an effective way of reducing power quality problems, removing the wind speed fluctuations and improving the transient stability of wind farm. Simulation results show the proposed effectiveness of wind farm stability and power quality. The generating system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB environment using Simulink and Simpower System toolboxes. Keywords: Wind Farms (WF), Wind Energy, Distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM

Total Synthesis of Chlorocyclinone A, a PPAR‑γ Antagonist

The first total synthesis of chlorocyclinone A (<b>1</b>) is regioselectively completed in 28 steps. The key steps are Pd-catalyzed methoxycarbonylation, unprecedented Hauser annulation, Krohn photo-oxidation, and regioselective <i>gem</i>-dichlorination

Total Synthesis of Chlorocyclinone A, a PPAR‑γ Antagonist

The first total synthesis of chlorocyclinone A (<b>1</b>) is regioselectively completed in 28 steps. The key steps are Pd-catalyzed methoxycarbonylation, unprecedented Hauser annulation, Krohn photo-oxidation, and regioselective <i>gem</i>-dichlorination

Ag(I)-Catalyzed Indolization/C3-Functionalization Cascade of 2‑Ethynylanilines via Ring Opening of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes

A AgSbF₆-catalyzed cascade involving the ring opening of donor–acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) preceded by the cyclization of <i>N</i>-protected 2-ethynylaniline is described. The method discloses a step-economy route to 2,3-disubstituted indole, where a Ag catalyst is found to trigger the cascade by activating both alkyne and DACs. Various functionalities at different ends of both substrates offer rapid access to 2,3-disubstituted indole derivatives in one pot in good to excellent yields. Elaboration of the cascade product to useful intermediates is also depicted

Synthesis of Benzo[b]fluorenone Nuclei of Stealthins

Two routes, one based on a Michael-initiated aldol condensation and the other on an intramoleculer carbonyl-ene reaction, have been found to be feasible for an entry to benzo[b]fluorenones. Reaction of 4,9-dimethoxybenz[f]indenone with nitromethane in the presence of DBU gave the corresponding Michael adduct, which afforded 2-methyl-5,10-dimethoxybenzo[b]fluorenone on reaction with methacrolein under a variety of basic conditions. Similarly, 2-methallyl-4,9-dimethoxybenz[f]indenone reacted with nitromethane to give the corresponding Michael adduct, Nef reaction of which furnished 3-formyl-2-methyl-4,9-dimethoxybenz[f]indanone. This underwent ene-cyclization under the influence of SnCl4. 5H2O, and yielded 2-methyl-5,10-dimethoxybenzo[b]fluorenone

Ni(II)-Catalyzed Highly Stereo- and Regioselective Syntheses of Isoindolinones and Isoquinolinones from <i>in Situ</i> Prepared Aldimines Triggered by Homoallylation/Lactamization Cascade

An efficient route to isoindolinones and isoquinolinones has been achieved via a domino Ni-catalyzed homoallylation/lactamization from <i>in situ</i> prepared imines, derived from <i>o</i>-formyl benzoates and <i>o</i>-formyl arylacetates, with conjugated dienes promoted by diethylzinc. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature for a variety of aldehydes, amines, and dienes. The method involves one C–C and two C–N bond forming events under operationally simple conditions

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Not AvailableThe present study describes an efficient in vitro culture protocol for direct plantlet regeneration and Agrobacterium- mediated genetic transformation of Corchorus capsularis L. cultivar JRC 517. In vitro morphogenetic capacity of different explants was evaluated. Nodal explants with immature axillary buds showed maximum in vitro culture response (95%) with plantlets induction when cultured on MS with 0.1 mg l-1 IAA and 0.1 mg l-1 Kin. A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring a binary vector pBI121, containing gusA reporter gene under the transcriptional control of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and NOS terminator was used in addition with neomycin phosphotransferase (npt-II) as plant selection marker gene. Different parameters viz. O.D600.- of Agrobacterium cell suspension: 0.3; one day preculture; one min explants dipping, vacuum infiltration for 10 min at 600 mm Hg pressure; 0.001 ml l-1 concentration of non-ionic surfactant (Tween 20) and two days cocultivation with 100 µM acetosyringone (AS) were found to be optimum treatment to achieve maximum number of stable genetic transformants (~3.6%). The putative transformants were screened on MS medium supplemented with 50 mg l-1 kanamycin (Kan50) and their transient expression was confirmed through GUS histochemical assay of the reporter gene and PCR analysis. The survivor plants were grown under Kan50 selection pressure, and rooted successfully. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatized, hardened and transplanted to green house. Stable integration of the transgene into the recipient genome was confirmed by PCR using compatible primers of gusA and nptII, and through Southern hybridization. The transgenic plants showed normal morphology and most of them followed 3:1 ratio of Mendelian inheritance for a single dominant locus. In vitro direct shoot regeneration protocol from nodal explants with concurrent transgenic development deemed to be successfully involving economically important gene/s and trait enrichment in jute.Not Availabl