21 research outputs found

    Analyse de systÚmes temps-réel par traçage

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    RĂ©sumĂ© Le traçage est une technique qui permet de rĂ©cupĂ©rer de l'information trĂšs prĂ©cise sur l'exĂ©cution d'un systĂšme avec un impact minime. Afin de mieux comprendre l'exĂ©cution d'une application, la technique habituelle consiste Ă  y attacher un dĂ©bogueur et interrompre l'application, afin d'inspecter la valeurs de certaines variables, par exemple. Cette approche est mal adaptĂ©e aux applications qui ont des interactions frĂ©quentes avec le systĂšme lui-mĂȘme ou avec d'autres applications. Les applications temps rĂ©el sont un type d'application qui possĂšde ce genre d'interactions. L'aspect temporel de leur exĂ©cution rend l'utilisation d'un dĂ©bogueur inutile dans plusieurs cas. L'impact minimal du traçage sur l'exĂ©cution d'une application lui confĂšre un atout important pour mieux comprendre les interactions complexes qui peuvent agir au sein d'un systĂšme temps rĂ©el. Afin de minimiser l'impact de l'instrumentation, il est souhaitable de rĂ©duire la quantitĂ© d'information rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©e. Il est donc important de bien identifier l'information minimale nĂ©cessaire Ă  l'analyse, qui ne causera pas de latences indues. Dans un mĂȘme ordre d'idĂ©es, le traceur ne peut pas se permettre d'effectuer un traitement coĂ»teux avant l'enregistrement des informations. Les Ă©vĂ©nements rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©s devront donc contenir une information brute sur l'exĂ©cution du systĂšme. L'objectif de cette recherche est de montrer que l'information rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©e lors du traçage d'un systĂšme temps rĂ©el peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e pour extraire de l'information permettant de mieux comprendre des comportements propres aux systĂšmes temps rĂ©el. L'hypothĂšse de ce travail est que le traçage permet de rĂ©cupĂ©rer de l'information sur l'exĂ©cution d'une application temps rĂ©el et que les informations de traçage ainsi rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©es peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es pour diagnostiquer des problĂšmes difficilement observables. Nous Ă©tudions d'abord les diffĂ©rents outils de traçage en fonction de leurs fonctionalitĂ©s et de leur impact sur les systĂšmes temps rĂ©el. Ensuite, nous comparons les diffĂ©rents outils d'analyse de trace selon deux grandes catĂ©gories: les approches algorithmiques et les techniques de visualisation. Des problĂšmes typiques des applications temps rĂ©el sont initialement identifĂ©s et serviront de base pour guider notre recherche. Un algorithme est dĂ©veloppĂ© afin d'analyser la trace et retrouver ces problĂšmes typiques. L'algorithme est testĂ© sur des traces gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es Ă  partir de cas de tests et sa performance sera Ă©valuĂ©e. La premiĂšre contribution de ce travail consiste en la mise au point d'un algorithme permettant de gĂ©nĂ©rer un modĂšle Ă  haut niveau d'une application temps rĂ©el Ă  partir de la trace de son interaction avec le noyau du systĂšme d'exploitation. Ce modĂšle utilise la sĂ©mantique particuliĂšre des Ă©vĂ©nements afin de produire une machine Ă  Ă©tats simple et rapide. Les Ă©vĂ©nements nĂ©cessaires et minimaux Ă  l'analyse sont identifiĂ©s de façon Ă  limiter l'impact du traçage sur l'application. La deuxiĂšme contribution consiste en l'Ă©laboration d'un outil de visualisation permettant de comparer directement les diffĂ©rentes phases d'exĂ©cution d'une application temps rĂ©el. Cet outil utilise le modĂšle gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© Ă  partir des informations de traçage afin d'identifier les diffĂ©rentes phases et d'extraire plusieurs statistiques utiles Ă  la comprĂ©hension globale de l'exĂ©cution. Finalement, une structure de stockage des statistiques est amĂ©liorĂ©e de façon Ă  rĂ©cupĂ©rer efficacement des statistiques qui Ă©voluent de façon continue dans le temps. Le rĂ©sultat final est un outil qui permet de diagnostiquer les problĂšmes des applications temps rĂ©el grĂące aux informations contenues dans une trace noyau, en plus de faciliter la dĂ©couverte de patrons d'intĂ©rĂȘt.----------Abstract Tracing is a technique to gather precise information about the execution of a system with minimal impact. In order to better understand the execution of an application, the usual technique consists in attaching a debugger and interrupting the application, to inspect the value of certain variables, for example. This approach is ill-suited for applications that are tightly coupled with the system itself. Real-time applications are a type of applications that exhibit this sort of interactions. The temporal aspect of their execution nullifies the use of a debugger. The low impact of a tracer on the execution of an application is therefore an important aspect providing better understanding of complex interactions in real-time systems. Even then, it is important to minimize even further the impact of tracing by reducing the amount of gathered information. It is therefore important to identify the minimal information that is necessary for the analysis that will not cause undue latency. Similarly, the tracer cannot afford complex processing while collecting the information. It must write the raw events as fast as possible. The objective of this research is to show that the information gathered during the tracing of a real-time system can be used to extract additional information that can be used to better understand the behaviour of real-time systems. We will first study the different tracing tools according to their functionalities and impact on real-time systems. Then, we will compare different trace analysis tools according to two main categories : algorithmic approaches and visualization techniques. Typical real-time application problems will be identified and used as a baseline to guide our research. An algorithm will then be developed to analyse the trace and find these typical problems. The algorithm will be tested on traces generated from test cases and its performance evaluated. The hypothesis of this work is that tracing allows gathering information about the execution of real-time applications and that this tracing information can be used to diagnose problems that are otherwise difficult to observe. The result of this work is the creation of a model allowing the extraction of statistics and the generation of visualizations from kernel traces gathered on a real-time system. This model uses event semantics to produce a finite-state machine that is both simple and fast. The minimal and necessary events for the analysis are identified in order to limit the impact of tracing on the application. Finally, a statistics storage structure is improved in order to retrieve efficiently statistics that are continuously variable through time. The final result is a tool to diagnose real-time application problems using the information stored inside a kernel trace and aid in the discovery of interesting patterns

    Aspects de géométrie non commutative

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    Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothÚques de l'Université de Montréal

    Évaluation d’un programme de prĂ©vention de la violence au premier cycle du primaire

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    Cet article traite de l'évaluation de l'implantation et des impacts du programme de prévention de la violence chez des élÚves du premier cycle du primaire. Ce programme a été implanté dans 17 classes de 6 écoles de l'ßle de Montréal réparties dans deux strates de défavorisation socioéconomique (faible et élevée). L'analyse révÚle des gains statisquement significatifs sur les plans de la prosocialité et des habiletés sociocognitives à la résolution de conflits chez les élÚves qui ont participé à plus de 50% des activités du programme. La qualité de la mise en oeuvre du programme s'est révélée une variable importante dans l'efficacité du programme. Les résultats soulÚvent des points de discussion concernant les facteurs qui ont influencé la qualité de l'implantation du programme et l'importance des gains réalisés par les élÚves sur les plans comportemental et sociocognitif.This paper presents results of the evaluation of the implementation and the impacts of a program aiming the prevention of the violence in school among First to Third graders. This program has been implemented within 17 classrooms (n = 425) in 6 schools of Montréal; 14 classrooms (n = 350) distributed in 6 other schools of the same region formed the control group. These schools were divided into two groups according a socioeconomic index. The analysis reveals that students who have participated at more than 50% of the program increase significantly their level of prosociality (teachers ratings) and their sociocognitive skills about the conflict resolution. These results appear to be similar in both groups (low and high level) defined according to the socioeconomic index. The quality of the process of the implementation seems to be an important factor for the efficiency of the program. These results raise some points concerning the factors that contribute to the success of the implementation and the extent of the behavioral and sociocognitive modifications realized by children of the experimental group.Este articulo trata de la evaluaciÎn de la puesta en marcha y de los impactos de un programa de prevencion de la violencia en alumnos del primer ciclo primario. Este pro- grama a sido implantado en 17 clases de 6 escuelas de la IsIa de Montreal, repartidas en dos estratos de desfavorizacion economica (baja y elevada). El analisis révéla mejoras estadisti- camente significativas en el plan de la prosocialidad y de las habilidades sociocognitivas en la solucion de confllictos en los alumnos que han participado a mas del 50% de las activi- dades del programa. La guia de actividades se revelo como una variable importante en la eficacidad del programa. Los resultados ponen en relieve algunos puntos de debate respecto de los factores que han influenciado la calidad de la implantaciÎn del programa y la impor- tancia de los avances realizados por los alumnos en los pianos comportamental y cognitivo.Dieser Artikel hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die Einfuhrung und mÎgliche Wirkung eines Gewalt-Prùventivprogramms fur Grundschiiler einer kritischen Bewertung zu unterziehen. Dieses Programm wurde an sechs Schulen im Raum Montréal in insgesamt 17 Klassen eingefuhrt, die in zwei verschiedene sozio-okonomische Gruppen unterteilt wurden, und zwar in eine sozial wenig benachteiligte und eine sozial stark benachteiligte Gruppe. Die nùhere Analyse ergab, dass bei Schulern, die an mehr als 50% des Programma teilgenommen haben, statistisch signifikante Gewinne zu verzeichnen sind im Bereich altruistischen Gemein-schaftsverhaltens (Prosozialitùt) sowie im Bereich der soziokognitiven Fùhigkeiten bei der Konfliktbewùltigung. Dabei hat sich die Programmanleitung als wichtige Variable fur den Erfolg des Programms erwiesen. Aus den Ergebnissen ergeben sich Diskus- sionspunkte, vor allem, was die Faktoren angeht, die die Qualitùt der Programmvermittlung sowie die Erfolgsbewertung im soziokognitiven und verhaltens-psycho-logischen Bereich mitbestimmen

    L’École littĂ©raire de MontrĂ©al et ses mythes

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    RĂ©sumĂ© L’histoire de L’École littĂ©raire de MontrĂ©al (1895-1935) reste encore aujourd’hui largement tributaire de certains lieux communs que se sont transmis des gĂ©nĂ©rations d’historiens. Le prĂ©sent article vise Ă  reconsidĂ©rer certaines de ces idĂ©es reçues, Ă  questionner les principaux mythes associĂ©s Ă  l’École. Il remet en question notamment les supposĂ©es origines « tavernesques » du groupe, le fameux triomphe d’Émile Nelligan lors de la quatriĂšme soirĂ©e publique, le tournant rĂ©gionaliste annoncĂ© par la revue Le Terroir de 1909 et l’indiffĂ©rence qui plane au-dessus de sa troisiĂšme pĂ©riode d’activitĂ© dans les annĂ©es 1920. Il propose ainsi une relecture de l’histoire de l’une des associations littĂ©raires les plus importantes du dĂ©but du xx e siĂšcle au QuĂ©bec.AbstractThe history of L’École littĂ©raire de MontrĂ©al (1895-1935) still relies on a certain number of clichĂ©s that have been passed on by historians for years. This article re-examines some of the commonplace ideas, and questions the myths related to L’École. It notably challenges the so-called “tavern” origins of the group, and Émile Nelligan’s triumph during the fourth public gathering. It disputes the regionalist orientation announced by the review Le Terroir in 1909, as well as the assumptions about the lack of interest for the group’s activities in the 1920’s. In short, this article revisits the history of one of QuĂ©bec’s most important literary association of the beginning of the 20th century

    Real-Time Linux Analysis Using Low-Impact Tracer

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    Debugging real-time software presents an inherent challenge because of the nature of real-time itself. Traditional debuggers use breakpoints to stop the execution of a program and allow the inspection of its status. The interactive nature of a debugger is incompatible with the strict timing constraints of a real-time application. In order to observe the execution of a real-time application, it is therefore necessary to use a low-impact instrumentation solution. Tracing allows the collection of low-level events with minimal impact on the traced application. These low-level events can be difficult to use without appropriate tools. We propose an analysis framework to model real-time tasks from tracing data recovered using the LTTng tracer. We show that this information can be used to populate views and help developers discover interesting patterns and potential problems

    A Majority of Human Melanoma Cell Lines Exhibits an S Phase-Specific Defect in Excision of UV-Induced DNA Photoproducts

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    <div><p>It is well established that efficient removal of highly-promutagenic UV-induced dipyrimidine photoproducts <i>via</i> nucleotide excision repair (NER) is required for protection against sunlight-associated malignant melanoma. Nonetheless, the extent to which reduced NER capacity might contribute to individual melanoma susceptibility in the general population remains unclear. Here we show that among a panel of 14 human melanoma strains, 11 exhibit significant inhibition of DNA photoproduct removal during S phase relative to G0/G1 or G2/M. Evidence is presented that this cell cycle-specific NER defect correlates with enhanced apoptosis and reduced clonogenic survival following UV irradiation. In addition, melanoma strains deficient in S phase-specific DNA photoproduct removal manifest significantly lower levels of phosphorylated histone H2AX at 1 h post-UV, suggesting diminished activation of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad 3-related (ATR) kinase, i.e., a primary orchestrator of the cellular response to UV-induced DNA replication stress. Consistently, in the case of DNA photoproduct excision-proficient melanoma cells, siRNA-mediated depletion of ATR (but not of its immediate downstream effector kinase Chk1) engenders deficient NER specifically during S. On the other hand simultaneous siRNA-mediated depletion of ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) exerts no significant effect on either phosphorylation of H2AX at 1 h post-UV or the efficiency of DNA photoproduct removal. Our data suggest that defective NER exclusively during S phase, possibly associated with decreased ATR signaling, may constitute an heretofore unrecognized determinant in melanoma pathogenesis.</p></div

    Determination of clonogenic survival and sub-G1 DNA content in SPR+ vs SPR- strains post-UVC.

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    <p><b>A</b>) Clonogenic survival in response to various doses of UVC was calculated as the number of surviving colonies (containing at least 50 cells) for irradiated cells relative to mock-irradiated counterparts. Values represent the mean +/− SEM of four independent experiments. <b>B</b>) Percentage of sub-G1 cells at different times after exposure to 10 J/m<sup>2</sup> of UVC in melanoma cell lines. Representative cell cycle profiles are shown for the SPR-deficient strain WM983B at 0 h and 72 h (top). Values represent the mean +/− SEM of three independent experiments.</p

    Cell cycle progression in melanoma cells post-UVC.

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    <p>Cells were irradiated with UVC or mock-irradiated and then pulse-labeled with BrdU to mark cells in S-phase at the time of irradiation. Cultures were harvested immediately (0 h) or further incubated for 6 h. Cells were stained with PI and anti-BrdU (Alexa-647), and analyzed by flow cytometry. <b>A</b>) SPR-proficient WM35. BrdU+ and BrdU- populations were gated as shown in the bivariate dot plots (top panels). Histograms represent DNA content of BrdU+ and BrdU- cells under each condition (lower panels). <b>B</b>) Same as A, but for SPR-deficient WM3248. Similar data for all other melanoma cell lines used in this study are presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085294#pone.0085294.s001" target="_blank">Figure S1</a>.</p

    Cell cycle-specific CPD excision in melanoma cell lines.

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    <p>Cells were irradiated with 10/m<sup>2</sup> UVC and then labeled with BrdU for 1 h (except for the 0 h time point, where BrdU labeling was performed for 30 min prior to UV). At the indicated times post-UV, cells were stained with anti-CPD (FITC), PI, and anti-BrdU (Alexa-647) and analyzed by flow cytometry. <b>A</b>) Bivariate plots of WM35 showing the distribution of BrdU-positive cells at different times post-UV. The S' population indicated with an arrow at 24 h post-UV have traversed mitosis after increasing their DNA content and are excluded from the analysis. The extent of CPD removal is compared for cells in S phase at the time of irradiation (designated S), vs. cells in G1 at the time of irradiation which includes a minor proportion of cells that were initially in G2 and have migrated into the G1 compartment during the post-UV incubation period (designated G1/G2) (see text for details). <b>B</b>) Graphical representation of CPD excision in WM35 (top), WM3248 (middle), and XPA control skin fibroblasts (bottom). * and **, two-tailed paired t-test comparing CPD excision during S-phase vs G1/G2; p<0.02 and 0.001 at 12 and 24 h, respectively. For all panels in this figure, values represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments.</p
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