Evaluation of yield monitoring system installed on indigenous grain combine harvester for rice crop

Precision agriculture is a methodology to identify and exploit variability within an agricultural field.  In India, a yield is measured during marketing of harvested crop and as a gross yield of the land owned by the farmer.  The yield monitor mounted over grain combine harvester measures and records information such as grain flow, grain moisture, area covered and location.  An automated yield monitoring system consisting of a yield sensor, global positioning system (GPS), field computer with custom software was mounted on a self propelled indigenous grain combine harvester for real-time crop yield mapping along with moisture data.  By means of optical sensors (light emitter and detector), the height of the grain on the elevator paddles was measured and converted in the grain mass flow.  Three rice fields were harvested to evaluate the performance of the yield monitor for grain yield and moisture mapping of harvested grains.  The actual yield maps were generated by using Arc GIS software from the data collected for three different rice fields.  The total area harvested by using indigenous combine harvester fitted with yield monitor and moisture sensor was 0.84 ha comprising three fields (1, 2 and 3) having areas 0.3, 0.22 and 0.32 ha respectively.  On an average, yields for all the three fields (1, 2 and 3) were 4,325.91, 5,093.14 and 4,287.66    kg ha-1 with moisture content of 21.42%, 22.78% and 20.42% (wet basis) recorded respectively.  On an average, yield variations recorded for all the three fields (1, 2 and 3) were having 30.59%, 40.80% and 40.39% coefficient of variation respectively.  The minimum and maximum yields recorded within all the fields harvested were 577.08 and 7,661.48 kg ha-1 with an average yield of 4,287.66 kg ha-1 having 37.26% coefficient of variation (CV) in all the three fields.   Keywords: Combine harvester, precision agriculture, sensor; yield maps, yield monito

Effect of Two Temperatures on Reflection Coefficient in Micropolar Thermoelastic with and without Energy Dissipation Media

The reflection of plane waves at the free surface of thermally conducting micropolar elastic medium with two temperatures is studied. The theory of thermoelasticity with and without energy dissipation is used to investigate the problem. The expressions for amplitudes ratios of reflected waves at different angles of incident wave are obtained. Dissipation of energy and two-temperature effects on these amplitude ratios with angle of incidence are depicted graphically. Some special and particular cases are also deduced

In vitro regeneration, callus induction and rhizogenesis in Ficus krishnae: A rare endangered plant

346-351Ficus krishnae which belongs to the family Moraceae is an endangered plant species with medicinal potential. Due to over-exploitative commercial use, it has become endangered hence demands immediate conservation. Application of in vitro strategies in conservation of plants is an efficient technique to produce true-to-type plantlets. In the present study, nodal segment explants were used as induction of shoots on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium fortified with various concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) in combination with 0.5 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) to determine optimum levels of BAP and NAA for multiple shoot formation. Cytokinins, BAP and kinetin (Kn) were tested for shoot regeneration from nodal and axillary shoot tip explants. Among all the treatments BAP and Kn tested BAP at 4.0 mg/l and at 2.5 mg/l responds optimum in shoot regeneration from nodal explants and axillary shoot tip, respectively. Average number of sprouted shoots per explant and length of these shoots were determined after three weeks of explant inoculation. Axillary- shoot tip explants show best results of callus induction at 2 mg/l 2,4 diphenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) with a response percentage of 83.33%. Moreover, it was also noted that among the different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) tested, IBA at the concentration of 1.5 mg/l resulted best in inducing the maximum number (12.66 ± 0.33) of in vitro adventitious roots from the callus. In this study combination of BAP + NAA (4.0 + 0.5) mg/l and 2 mg/l (2,4-D) resulted better in shoot induction and callus formation respectively in F. Krishnae

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Alvarado scoring system in diagnosis of acute appendicitis

Acute appendicitis stays a typical careful crisis all through the world. Regardless of the steadily developing headways in the field of diagnostics the recognizing acute appendicitis stays a mystery for the specialists all throughout the planet. Specialists utilize distinctive scoring frameworks and clinical models to diagnose acute appendicitis and reduction the negative appendectomy rates. The Alvarado scoring system (Alvarado 1989) which was adjusted by Kalan et at 1994 is an easy to utilize and simple to apply scoring framework since it depends on history, clinical assessment and an essential lab examination

Calibration and Algorithm Development for Estimation of Nitrogen in Wheat Crop Using Tractor Mounted N-Sensor

The experiment was planned to investigate the tractor mounted N-sensor (Make Yara International) to predict nitrogen (N) for wheat crop under different nitrogen levels. It was observed that, for tractor mounted N-sensor, spectrometers can scan about 32% of total area of crop under consideration. An algorithm was developed using a linear relationship between sensor sufficiency index (SIsensor) and SISPAD to calculate the Napp as a function of SISPAD. There was a strong correlation among sensor attributes (sensor value, sensor biomass, and sensor NDVI) and different N-levels. It was concluded that tillering stage is most prominent stage to predict crop yield as compared to the other stages by using sensor attributes. The algorithms developed for tillering and booting stages are useful for the prediction of N-application rates for wheat crop. N-application rates predicted by algorithm developed and sensor value were almost the same for plots with different levels of N applied

Binary collision contribution to transverse current correlation function of dense fluids

An expression for the binary collision contribution to the first order memory function of the transverse current correlation function has been obtained using the cluster expansion technique for particles of a fluid interacting via a continuous potential. The resulting expression involves the static pair correlation function and the time dependence of position, momentum, and acceleration of a particle. In the long wavelength limit our expression determines the time development of the autocorrelation function of transverse stress. These time-dependent functions have been evaluated numerically for the Lennard-Jones potential for some thermodynamic states and results have been compared with molecular dynamics data. It has also been found that for a hard sphere interaction our expression for the shear viscosity reduces to the Enskog result

Binary collision contribution to the longitudinal current correlation function of dense fluids

An expression for the binary collision contribution to the first-order space-time memory function of the longitudinal current correlation function has been obtained by using the cluster expansion technique for a fluid whose particles are interacting through a continuous potential. This expression involves the radial distribution function and time dependence of the position, momentum, and acceleration vectors of the particles. The long-wavelength limit of the expression is obtained for use in studying the longitudinal and bulk viscosities of fluid. It is found that for the hard-sphere case, our method provides expressions for the longitudinal and bulk viscosities that agree with Enskog results