Save the Indigenous Teaching and Learning: ELT

This paper explores not only the care of the indigenous in nativity of teaching of English Language and also advising the methods for language learners and language teachers, the methods where all learners do have some access for cognitive knowledge of intellectual development in language. The learners according to GT method to use their cognitive faculty to memorize grammatical rules, vocabulary lists, translation and reading comprehension and many more. This paper doesn’t explain all the rules but principal characteristics of GT method, it suggests GT method importance. It unravels the focus learning through cognitive system which is a real thinking as native speakers do. The word indigenous here meant the nativity of EL, the teaching of educated native speakers of ELT which second language teachers cannot faithfully do the same but there are absolute qualities can be gained from native speakers learning. There are hundreds and thousands of software technologies that teach English Language. Information and communication technologies (ICT) refer to technologies that provide easy access to information through telecommunications. This includes the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums. Learning EL through ICT is a half-backed knowledge.  All developed countries they setup and use digital learning. Here thanks to technology but if the curriculum is not designed with the standard approaches and the methods of ELT, surely a wrong learning enter! Even it leads to kill the language standards due to unnecessary globalized jargon. Globalization is one of the many terms virtually quotidian in present times discourse

Improved Critical Current Density of MgB2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Composite

In the present study, we report a systematic study of doping/ admixing of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in different concentrations in MgB2. The composite material corresponding to MgB2+ x at.%CNTs (35 at.% > x > 0 at.%) have been prepared by solid-state reaction at ambient pressure. All the samples in the present investigation have been subjected to structural/ microstructural characterization employing XRD, SEM and TEM techniques. The magnetization measurements were performed by PPMS and Tc & Jct measurements have been done by the four-probe technique. The microstructural investigations reveal the formation of MgB2-CNTs composites. A CNT connecting the MgB2 grains may enhance critical current density due to its size (~ 5-20 nm diameter) compatible with coherence length of MgB2 (~ 5-6 nm) and ballistic transport current carrying capability along the tube axis. The Jct of MgB2 samples with varying CNTs concentration have been found to vary significantly e.g. Jct of the MgB2 sample with 10 at.% CNT addition is ~2.3 x 10^3 A/cm2 and its value for MgB2 sample without CNT addition is ~7.2x10^2 A/cm2 at 20K. The optimum result on Jc is obtained for 10 at.% CNTs admixed MgB2 sample at 5K, the Jc reaches ~5.2 x10^6 A/cm2 in self field, ~1.6 x 10^6 A/cm2 at 1T, ~2.9 x 10^5 A/cm2 at 2.6T and \~3.9 x 10^4 A/cm2 at 4T. The high value of intragrain Jc in 10 at.% CNTs admixed MgB2 superconductor has been attributed to the incorporation of CNTs into the crystal matrix of MgB2, which are capable of providing effective flux pinning centres. A feasible correlation between microstructural features and superconducting properties has been put forward.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures. To be published in J. Nanoscience and Nanotechnolog

Effect of La Doping on Microstructure and Critical Current Density of MgB2

In the present study, La-doped MgB_2 superconductors with different doping level (Mg1-xLaxB2; x=0.00, 0.01, 0.03 & 0.05) have been synthesized by solid-state reaction route at ambient pressure. Effect of La doping have been investigated in relation to microstructural characteristics and superconducting properties, particularly intragrain critical current density (Jc). The microstructural characteristics of the as synthesized Mg(La)B2 compounds were studied employing transmission electron microscopic (TEM) technique. The TEM investigations reveal inclusion of LaB6 nanoparticles within the MgB2 grains which provide effective flux pinning centres. The evaluation of intragrain Jc through magnetic measurements on the fine powdered version of the as synthesized samples reveal that Jc of the samples change significantly with the doping level. The optimum result on Jc is obtained for Mg0.97La0.03B2 at 5K, the Jc reaches ~1.4x107A/cm2 in self field, ~2.1 x 106A/cm2 at 1T, ~2.5 x 105A/cm2 at 2.5T and ~1.8 x 104 A/cm2 at 4.5T. The highest value of intragrain Jc in Mg0.97La0.03B2 superconductor has been attributed to the inclusion of LaB6 nanoparticles which are capable of providing effective flux pinning centres

Enhancement of flux pinning and high critical current density in graphite doped MgB2 superconductor

We report the synthesis and characterization of graphite (C) doped MgB2-xCx (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) samples. The crystal structure and microstructural characterization have been investigated by x-ray diffractometer and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. The superconducting properties especially Jc and Hc2 have been measured by employing physical property measurement system. We found that the graphite doping affects the lattice parameters as well as the microstructure of MgB2 superconductor. In case of optimally doped (x=0.1) sample, the critical current density at 5K corresponds to 1.1 x 10^6 and 5.3 x 10^4 A/cm^2 for 3T and 5T fields respectively. The upper critical field has been enhanced nearly two times after doping. The flux pinning behavior has been investigated by flux pinning force density curve and it reveals that the flux pinning behaviour has improved significantly by doping. TEM micrographs show the graphite nanoparticles of size ~5-10 nm which are invariably present in MgB2 grains. These nanoparticles act as flux pinning centre and are responsible for enhancement of superconducting properties of MgB2.Comment: Accepted in "Journal of Applied Physics

Orthodontic Treatment Need among Nepalese High School Students

Objective: To assess the need for orthodontic treatment among Nepalese high school students. Material and Methods: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample comprises 938 children (537 males and 401 females) with an age group above 14 years. The subjects were selected voluntarily from seven different schools of Kathmandu valley using a multistage sampling technique. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need comprises two components: Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC). Two trained and calibrated examiners performed the oral examination. Results: On analysis of the DHC component, it was found that 21% had no need, 18.1% had mild/little need, 24.3% had moderate/borderline need, 35.8% had severe need, and 0.7% had extreme treatment need. Similarly on analysis of AC component, it was found that 33% were AC-1, 30.8% were AC-2, 7.2% were AC-3, 8.2% were AC-4, 2.1% were AC-5, 3.6% were AC-6, 1.8% were AC-7, 7.4% were AC-8, 1.8% were AC-9, and 3.9% were AC-10. Conclusion: The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need can be used as a tool for planning dental health resources and prioritizing the treatment need of different populations

High critical current density and improved flux pinning in bulk MgB2 synthesized by Ag addition

In the present investigation, we report a systematic study of Ag admixing in MgB2 prepared by solid-state reaction at ambient pressure. All the samples in the present investigation have been subjected to structural/ microstructural characterization employing x-rays diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) techniques. The magnetization measurements were performed by physical property measurement system (PPMS). The TEM investigations reveal the formation of MgAg nanoparticles in Ag admixed samples. These nanoparticles may enhance critical current density due to their size (~5-20 nm) compatible with coherence length of MgB2 (~5-6 nm). In order to study the flux pinning effect of Ag admixing in MgB2, the evaluation of intragrain critical current density (Jc) has been carried out through magnetic measurements on the fine powdered version of the as synthesized samples. The optimum result on intragrain Jc is obtained for 10 at.% Ag admixed sample at 5K. This corresponds to 9.23x10^7 A/cm^2 in self-field,5.82x10^7 A/cm^2 at 1T,4.24 x10^6 A/cm^2 at 3.6T and 1.52x10^5 A/cm^2 at 5T. However, intragrain Jc values for MgB2 sample without Ag admixing are 2.59x10^6 A/cm^2,1.09x10^6A/cm^2,4.53x10^4 A/cm^2 and 2.91x10^3A/cm^2 at 5 K in self field, 1T, 3.6T and 5T respectively.. The high value of intragrain Jc for Ag admixed MgB2 superconductor has been attributed to the inclusion of MgAg nanoparticles into the crystal matrix of MgB2, which are capable of providing effective flux pinning centres. A feasible correlation between microstructural features and superconducting properties has been put forward.Comment: 5pages,6figure

Influence of simultaneous doping of Sb & Pb on phase formation, superconducting and microstructural characteristics of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+\delta

We report systematic studies of structural, microstructural and transport properties of (Hg_0.80 Sb_0.2-x Pb_x)Ba_2 Ca_2 Cu_3O_8+\delta (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) compounds. Bulk polycrystalline samples have been prepared by two-step solid-state reaction route at ambient pressure. It has been observed that simultaneous substitution of Sb and Pb at Hg site in oxygen deficient HgO_\delta layer of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+\delta cuprate high-Tc superconductor leads to the formation of Hg-1223 as the dominant phase. Microstructural investigations of the as grown samples employing scanning electron microscopy reveal single crystal like large grains embodying spiral like features. Superconducting properties particularly transport current density (Jct) have been found to be sensitive to these microstructural features. As for example (Hg0.80Sb0.05Pb0.15)Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+\delta compound which exhibits single crystal like large grains (~ 50 micrometer) and appears to result through spiral growth mechanism, shows highest Jct (~ 1.85 x 103 A/cm2) at 77K. A possible mechanism for the generation of spiral like features and correlation between microstructural features and superconducting properties have been put forward.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures. Accepted in Physica

Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Birth Cohort in Southern India

BACKGROUND:Noroviruses are an important cause of gastroenteritis but little is known about disease and re-infection rates in community settings in Asia. METHODS:Disease, re-infection rates, strain prevalence and genetic susceptibility to noroviruses were investigated in a birth cohort of 373 Indian children followed up for three years. Stool samples from 1856 diarrheal episodes and 147 vomiting only episodes were screened for norovirus by RT-PCR. Norovirus positivity was correlated with clinical data, secretor status and ABO blood group. RESULTS:Of 1856 diarrheal episodes, 207 (11.2%) were associated with norovirus, of which 49(2.6%) were norovirus GI, 150(8.1%) norovirus GII, and 8 (0.4%) were mixed infections with both norovirus GI and GII. Of the 147 vomiting only episodes, 30 (20.4%) were positive for norovirus in stool, of which 7 (4.8%) were norovirus GI and 23 (15.6%) GII. At least a third of the children developed norovirus associated diarrhea, with the first episode at a median age of 5 and 8 months for norovirus GI and GII, respectively. Norovirus GI.3 and GII.4 were the predominant genotypes (40.3% and 53.0%) with strain diversity and change in the predominant sub-cluster over time observed among GII viruses. A second episode of norovirus gastroenteritis was documented in 44/174 (25.3%) ever-infected children. Children with the G428A homozygous mutation for inactivation of the FUT2 enzyme (se428se428) were at a significantly lower risk (48/190) of infection with norovirus (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:This is the first report of norovirus documenting disease, re-infection and genetic susceptibility in an Asian birth cohort. The high incidence and apparent lack of genogroupII specific immunity indicate the need for careful studies on further characterization of strains, asymptomatic infection and shedding and immune response to further our understanding of norovirus infection and disease

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap–Derived Enzymes Oxidize High‐Density Lipoprotein: An Additional Proatherogenic Mechanism in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108351/1/art38703.pd