World Englishes in world religions

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/99702/1/weng12037.pd

Incidence and Outcomes Associated With Clostridium difficile Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance: An understanding of the incidence and outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in the United States can inform investments in prevention and treatment interventions. Objective: To quantify the incidence of CDI and its associated hospital length of stay (LOS) in the United States using a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Data Sources: MEDLINE via Ovid, Cochrane Library Databases via Wiley, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Complete via EBSCO Information Services, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies published in the United States between 2000 and 2019 that evaluated CDI and its associated LOS. Study Selection: Incidence data were collected only from multicenter studies that had at least 5 sites. The LOS studies were included only if they assessed postinfection LOS or used methods accounting for time to infection using a multistate model or compared propensity score-matched patients with CDI with control patients without CDI. Long-term-care facility studies were excluded. Of the 119 full-text articles, 86 studies (72.3%) met the selection criteria. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Two independent reviewers performed the data abstraction and quality assessment. Incidence data were pooled only when the denominators used the same units (eg, patient-days). These data were pooled by summing the number of hospital-onset CDI incident cases and the denominators across studies. Random-effects models were used to obtain pooled mean differences. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 value. Data analysis was performed in February 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence of CDI and CDI-associated hospital LOS in the United States. Results: When the 13 studies that evaluated incidence data in patient-days due to hospital-onset CDI were pooled, the CDI incidence rate was 8.3 cases per 10 000 patient-days. Among propensity score-matched studies (16 of 20 studies), the CDI-associated mean difference in LOS (in days) between patients with and without CDI varied from 3.0 days (95% CI, 1.44-4.63 days) to 21.6 days (95% CI, 19.29-23.90 days). Conclusions and Relevance: Pooled estimates from currently available literature suggest that CDI is associated with a large burden on the health care system. However, these estimates should be interpreted with caution because higher-quality studies should be completed to guide future evaluations of CDI prevention and treatment interventions

Reconstruction and Presentation of Reality on Television: An Analytical Study of Kannada Channels

Television has altered the way news is constructed and delivered. Due to competition and TRP, television news channels are experimenting with different techniques to attract attention and reach audiences. Reconstruction with the help of graphics and animation along with docudramas has become quite common in various kinds of television programs. From hard to soft news story-telling television channels have adopted different patterns of visual construction to make an emotional appeal to the audience. Media theories have established the power of visual media in the common man’s life. The present study focuses on the trend related to visual reconstruction of reality in storytelling among Kannada channels. This qualitative study specifically evaluates the various techniques of visual construction, reasons for visual construction, program patterns which use these practices significantly and investigates the influence of visual construction in storytelling. The content of Kannada television programs is evaluated in order to gather primary data. The programs that use visual construction regularly and news items which depend on visual construction have been selected for analysis

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF TAMIL CULTURAL HERITAGE WITH REFERENCE TO SANGAM AGE

Over the course of two millennia, Tamil Nadu has amassed a rich cultural history that continues to flourish today. The significant cultural heritage of Tamil Nadu developed under the rule of dynasties that ruled the state at various times throughout history. Tamil Nadu is a representation of the unique Dravidian culture that emerged under the patronage of several kingdoms over the course of history. The social, economic, religious, and cultural activities of the Tamil people throughout the Sangam Age are what make Tamil Nadu and the Sangam Age special. During this time, there was progress across the board. These changes are documented in Sangam literatures and archaeological discoveries. During the Sangam era, Tamil society was split into a number of factions. The Vedic caste system of Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, and Sudras did not exist in early Sangam Age Tamil society. This classification may be considered to generally equate to the Vedic Social division; nevertheless, the earliest of the Sangam literature, Tolkappiyam, makes reference to the four divisions common in the Sangam society, namely Anthanar, Arasar, Vaislyar, and Vellalar. Purananuru, another work from the Sangam, includes references to ancient Tamil tribes including the Thudiyan, Pannan, and Kadamban. The Sangam Age's intricate social structure can be seen in these divisions. Although Tamil Nadu is one of India's most urbanised states, the vast majority of its citizens still reside in rural areas

MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND ESBL PRODUCING KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL URINE SAMPLES SAMPLES

Extended spectrum â-lactamases (ESBLs) continue to be a major problem in clinical setups world over, conferring resistance to the expanded spectrum cephalosporins. An attempt was made to study ESBL production among Klebsiella pneumoniae and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistant pattern in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urine sample of the hospitalizes patients especially suffering from urinary tract infection. Antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Ceftriaxone, Cephotaxime and Nalidixic acid showed 94% of resistance, Ampicillin 91%, Gentamicine 88% and Imipenem showed the lowest percentage of resistance (4%). Standard Double disc synergy test (SDDS) method showed 90% of the isolates were ESBL producers. Thus, in the present study, a large number of isolates were found to be MDR and ESBL producers. SDDD were found to be better method for ESBLs. Continued monitoring of drug resistance is necessary in clinical settings for proper disease management and also an alternative therapy

Analysis and Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 WLAN

With fast deployment of wireless local area networks VoIP over IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) is growing very fast and is providing a cost effective alternative for voice communications. WLANs were initially set up to handle bursty nonreal time type of data traffic. Therefore, the wireless access protocols initially defined are not suitable for voice traffic. Subsequently, updates in the standard have been made to provision for QoS requirements of data, especially the real time traffic of the type voice and video. Despite these updates, however, transmitting voice traffic over WLAN does not utilize the available bandwidth (BW) efficiently, and the number of simultaneous calls supported in practice is significantly lower than what the BW figures would suggest. Several modifications have been proposed to improve the call capacity, and recently isochronous coordination function (ICF) was introduced to mitigate the problem of low call capacity. The proposed modified ICF which further improves the performance in terms of the call capacity. The proposed scheme uses multiplexing and multicasting in the downlink to substantially increase the call capacity

Maternal and perinatal outcome in placenta previa - one year study in tertiary care center in Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Obstetric hemorrhage is one of the most dangerous and devasting group of disorders in Obstetrics of which placenta previa contributes 1/5th of the cases. The aim of this study was to analyze the obstetrical factors and the maternal and perinatal outcome of these cases.Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Thanjavur Medical College Hospital, Thanjavur from August 2014 - July 2015. Chart records of all women who had undergone cesarean section for placenta previa were reviewed. Relevant clinical findings were noted.Results: In the present study, 134 cases of placenta previa were studied regarding type of clinical presentation, clinical course, maternal and perinatal outcome. Information obtained was arranged statistically. A placenta previa case was highest in the age group 20-29 years (79.85%) and in multiparous group (63.43%). Most common risk factor was previous cesarean section (39.5%) followed by abortion in 24.6%. Major degree of placenta previa constitutes 69.4% i.e., majority of cases and minor degree constitutes 30.59% of cases. In the present study massive blood transfusion was required in 0.04% of all cases, adherent placenta previa in 1.9%, 12.68% required hysterectomy. Perinatal morbidity was 25.92% and perinatal mortality incidence was 16.41%. Prematurity contributed the most 63.6% followed by RDS about 4.58%. Newborn with weight above 2 kg has very good survival rates, whereas newborn with weight <1 kg has poor survival rates.Conclusions: Placenta previa poses danger to both the mother and the baby with high maternal morbidity and adverse perinatal outcome

Differential control of CXCR4 and CD4 downregulation by HIV-1 Gag

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery functions to sort cellular receptors into the lumen of the multivesicular body (MVB) prior to lysosomal degradation. ESCRT components can also be recruited by enveloped viruses to sites of viral assembly where they have been proposed to mediate viral egress. For example, HIV-1 budding is dependent on Gag-mediated recruitment of the cellular ESCRTs-I, -III, AIP1/Alix and Vps4 proteins. Viral recruitment of ESCRT proteins could therefore impact on host cell processes such as receptor downregulation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we show that downregulation of the HIV-1 co-receptor, CXCR4, by its ligand SDF-1, is ESCRT-I dependent. Expression of HIV-1 Gag attenuated downregulation of CXCR4, resulting in accumulation of undegraded receptors within intracellular compartments. The effect of Gag was dependent on an ESCRT-I interacting motif within the C-terminal p6 region of Gag. In contrast, PMA-induced downregulation of the HIV-1 receptor CD4 was independent of ESCRT-I and Vps4; HIV-1 Gag had no effect on this process.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results establish that the HIV-1 receptor, CD4, and co-receptor, CXCR4 are differentially regulated by ESCRT proteins. HIV-1 Gag selectively modulates protein sorting at the MVB, interfering with ESCRT-I dependent but not ESCRT-I independent processes.</p