Pharmaceutical Marketing: A Literature Review

Marketing is the essence businesses and the business fraternity globally have accepted this norm of marketing the products effectively in order to achieve desired results. One of the premier and global Industry is Pharmaceutical Industry. It has a wide range of scope right from over the counter (OTC) products to life savings drugs to medical equipments. So much so that Medical Education at large includes a separate section as Pharmaceutical Education and this premium education experiences builds the base for Pharma Product manufacturing. Getting across these products to the Market requires essential skills and hence it signifies the efforts of Pharmaceutical Marketing. As against the Marketing of general product, Pharma Marketing involves further more essentialities as it belongs to the category of useful & needy products but not desired products as one never plans in general to buy a medicine or medical equipment unless prescribed or advised under medical care. This factor poses the massive challenge in the field of Pharmaceutical marketing. The Review paper attempts to understand the essence & concept of Pharmaceutical Marketing. It further aims to massively review the existing literature on Pharmaceutical Marketing and present the inferences. This conceptual study is completed with the help of Secondary data. It encompasses the thoughts of authors & researchers who have contributed to the Pharmaceutical Marketing domain. The Review has been categorised into studies of Marketing Mix, Consumer Behaviour towards Pharma Products, Green Marketing approach and execution of Pharma Marketing. The Papers & literature reviewed have been selected on Author’s convenience & judgement, which may result in the limitation for study and the inferences presented may be indicative rather exhaustive

Étude des bassins fluviaux en Inde par télédétection

La télédétection est considérée comme un outil important pour étudier l'hydrologie continentale. Elle est utilisée pour estimer les variations de niveau d'eau dans les rivières, les lacs et les plaines inondables, la cartographie des inondations et des zones humides et le suivi de la variation spatio-temporelle des masses d'eau régionale à l'échelle mondiale. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser l'observation de différents types de missions satellitaires: l'altimétrie radar, l'imagerie et la gravimétrie. L'altimétrie satellitaire est couramment utilisée pour l'estimation des niveaux d'eau dans les lacs, les rivières, et les zones inondées. L'altimétrie, combinée à des données in situ permet de calculer les débits des rivières, et combinées à de l'imagerie permet de déterminer des variations de volume d'eau dans les zones inondées ou les lacs. Dans cette thèse, l'altimétrie a été utilisée sur les grands fleuves indiens, et a en particulier permis de calculer les débits dans le delta du Gange et du Brahmapoutre dans la baie du Bengale. Par ailleurs nous avons analysé la dynamique des inondations dans le bassin du Gange et plus précisément dans le nord de l'état de Bihar le long de la rivière Kosi (affluent du Gange) en utilisant des données d'imagerie et d'altimétrie combinées. Enfin les observations de la mission gravimétrique GRACE ont également été utilisées pour étudier la variation de stock d'eau dans les bassins du Gange, du Brahmapoutre, de la Krishna, et de la Godavari.Remote sensing is considered as an important tool to study continental hydrology. Remote sensing observations are used for estimating water level variations in rivers, lakes and flood plains, for mapping of inundation and wetlands and monitoring the spatio-temporal variation of water masses on regional (i.e. at basins scale) to global scale. The objective of this thesis is to analyze observations from various types of satellite missions: radar altimetry, satellite imagery and satellite gravimetry. Satellite Altimetry is used for water stage estimation over inland water bodies. The derived water stage can be used for river discharge estimation, and deriving the river slopes. Altimetry observation combined with satellite imagery is used for determination of surface water volume in flooded zones. In this thesis, altimetry observations are used to derive the water stages in major Indian rivers. Discharge of Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers into Bay of Bengal is also derived. Satellite imagery is used to analyze the flooding in Ganga basin. Altimetry derived result and MODIS imagery are used together in North Bihar in Ganga basin to study the flood dynamics of Kosi. GRACE observations are also used to study the variation of total water storage in the Ganga river basin

EVOLUTION OF CROWD-SOURCING FROM COMPUTER TO MOBILE SYSTEMS

As crowd-sourcing is becoming popular for problem solving and completing a task, it is now very important to use this concept in an advance manner. It can also be used as a distributed and vast source of information. This concept is now evolving in world of mobile systems. This will be a little different from that of computer systems. In this paper, we have discussed some new technologies and challenges before us to implement these advancements in crowd-sourcing. We are going to talk about cheat-detection techniques, handling multimedia databases and how to trade off between cost and accuracy by considering the redundant data as well

Solution of the Lane-Emden Equation Using the Bernstein Operational Matrix of Integration

Lane-Emden's equation has fundamental importance in the recent analysis of many problems in relativity and astrophysics including some models of density profiles for dark matter halos. An efficient numerical method is presented for linear and nonlinear Lane-Emden-type equations using the Bernstein polynomial operational matrix of integration. The proposed approach is different from other numerical techniques as it is based on the Bernstein polynomial integration matrix. Some illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency and validity of the proposed algorithm

A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., Bhilad

Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience

The existence of common fixed point theorems of generalized contractive mappings in cone metric spaces

The purpose of this paper is to the study of the existence of common fixed point theorem for a sequence of self maps satisfying generalized contractive condition for a cone metrice space and obtains some new results in it. Also the paper contains generalized fixed point theorems of [10, 13, 19] and many others from the current literature.

Experimental Investigation and Thermophysics Analysis of Joule Thomson Cooler Applicable to Infrared Imaging

Recuperative type of heat exchanger (H-E) based miniature Joule-Thomson (J-T) cooler operated in the steady-state condition is employed extensively in applications towards infrared detectors cooling, thermal imaging cameras, and homing guidance devices in a wide variety of defence projectile systems. In this study, a theoretical thermal design of recuperative H-E for determining a viable geometry using iterative methodology is discussed. A steady-state numerical analysis for the developed geometrical model of the H-E is also reported, along with the experimental studies for typical operating conditions. A custom numerical code using the Runge-Kutta method has been developed in MATLAB, and the results from the code compared with predictions of COMSOL multi-physics are in good agreement. Further, results have been validated proving the efficacy of the theoretical model and custom numerical code developed

Unique Fixed Point Theorems for Generalized Weakly Contractive Condition in Ordered Partial Metric Spaces

The aim of this paper to prove some fixed point theorems for generalized weakly contractive condition in ordered partial metric spaces. The result extend the main theorems of Nashine and altun[17] on the class of ordered partial metric ones. Keywords: - Partial metric, ordered set, fixed point, common fixed point. AMS subject classification: - 54H25, 47H10, 54E5

RISK FACTOR ASSESSMENT FOR ACNE VULGARIS IN HUMAN AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS IN NORTH CENTRAL INDIA: A SURVEY-BASED STUDY

Background: Acne vulgaris is a very common dermatological problem of adolescence since the time immemorial. However, it is neither life threatening nor is a physical disability, but acne affects social and psychological functioning. Acne vulgaris is multifactorial, apart from basic factor of hormonal change and bacterial outbreak; there are several other factors that may influence the prevalence of acne.Methods: In the present study, populations were assessed for influence of various factors on acne prevalence. This cross-sectional study was a population based field study intending to discern the factors that influence the prevalence of acne in adolescents. The study carried out from April 2016 to October 2016 in north central India. For this survey, questionnaires were design to cover all the required information regarding occurrence of acne that include factors like gender, age, skin type, complexion, season of occurrence, dietary habit etc.Results: Acne vulgaris appears to be influenced by gender, age, seasonal variations, breakout area, complexion, skin types and dietary habits. Further, the influence of dietary habit on acne, by the consumption of dairy products or high-carbon diet has also been evaluated. Apart from depicting the vulnerable range of age (p=0.003288), sensitivity on various skin types (p=0.00039) and complexion (p=0.001355) on the basis of gender; This Field study on Acne Vulgaris, also reveals that the season has inordinate role in acne pervasiveness (p=0.115731).Conclusion: This study is helpful in categorizing the risk factors and evidencing the afflictions of acne in population thus, contributing health care planning. Â