2,478 research outputs found
Urban Metro Elevated Station to Generate Solar Power
This paper is focused to understand the practicality and projected analysis to utilize urban metro elevated stations as solar electricity power generation by utilizing the roof area in m2 for solar panel installation to generate electricity based on renewable and sustainable energy. Mass Rapid Transit Klang Valley Line 1 of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia has been selected for this research study. Ultimately this will help to mitigate environmental issues and helps to contribute current electricity demand load challenges faced by energy service providers. Solar power works at maximum output with favorable parameters and Kuala Lumpur has an annual average of solar irradiance of 4.9 kWh/m2/day, ambient temperature 25.53°C, wind speed 2.24 m/s and air mass (A.M) 1.5. In addition, urban metro elevated stations roof area for stations can be utilized by installing solar panels which indirectly able to bring revenue collection to stakeholders. Some of the key challenges in this research are selection of the best solar panels, inverters and medium voltage stations including the return on investment (ROI)
Control of root-knot nematode in grapes
In a nematode infested vineyard, application of Aldicarb 2 g a.i. per vine, DBCP 1,2 ml/m2 and Carbofuran 0.6 g a.i. per vine after pruning brought down tne rootknot nematode. A significant increase in number of bunches and yield of fruits was obtained in Aldicarb treatment followed by DBCP, Carbofuran and Tagetes interplanting.Die Bekämpfung von Wurzelgallennematoden bei RebenIn einem mit Meloidogyne incognita verseuchten Wenberg wurde durch Anwendung von Aldicarb (2 g a.W./Rebe), DBCP (1,2 ml/m2) und Carbofuran (0,6 g a.W./Rebe) nach dem Rebschnitt die Befallsdichte der Wurzelgallennematoden stark verringert. Durch Behandlung mit Aldicarb, DBCP und Carbofuran sowie Zwischenpflanzung von Tagetes wurde, mit abnehmender Wirkung in der Reihenfolge der Aufzählung, eine signifikante Steigerung der Traubenzahl und des Traubenertrages erzielt
Growth performance of groundnut (arachis hypogaea L.) seeds from organically and Inorganically treated plants
A field experiment was carried out at the Agronomy farm of the Eastern University, Sri Lanka in 2010 to study the growth performance of groundnut plants developed from seeds which were harvested from both organic and inorganic fertilized plants. Treatments were assigned according to the seed stock from recommended inorganic fertilized plants (T 1), no fertilizer (T2) and from the plants grown with 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-I cattle manure (T3, T4, T5 and T6 respectively). The experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. All agronomic practices were uniform to all treatments except plant materials. Growth measurements were taken and analyzed statistically. The results showed that difference in treatments significantly influenced plant growth of groundnut mostly after flowering stage. Among the treatments, plants developed from groundnut seeds which were collected from 15 t/ha cattle manure fertilized field (T5), exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher dry weights of leaves (12.51 g), stem (16.09 g), root (0.61 g) and nodule (0.19 g) per plant than that in recommended inorganic fertilizer (T 1). Further it was noted that dry weight of immature pods per plant was high in T5 (17.38 g) than that in Tl (15.80 g) at 1 0th week after planting however there was no significant variation between them. Plant biomass (46.78 g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher at 10th week after planting the progeny of groundnut from 15 t ha-I of cattle manure than that from chemical fertilizer. In the Eastern region, farmers mostly harvest their groundnut product at the immature stage due to marketing and storage problem. The result revealed that cattle manure could be used by farmers for better crop production in sandy regosol
Investigation on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Aluminium-Tin Based Plain Bearing Material
The purpose of this study is to investigate the Mechanical and Tribological properties of plain bearing alloys used especially in internal combustion engines. The mechanical properties namely Tensile strength and Hardness were investigated according to standard procedure. The sliding friction and wear properties of aluminium-tin alloy against high carbon high chromium steel were investigated at different normal loads as (29.43 N, 33.35 N and 36.25 N). Tests were carried in oil lubricated conditions with a sliding speed of 1 m/s. Prior to experimentation, the circulating engine oil 20w40 was heated to temperature of 800C using heater. The frictional behavior and wear property of aluminium-tin alloy were studied by means of pin-on-disk tribometer. The weight loss of the specimen was measured and wear and friction characteristics were calculated with respect to time, depth of wear track, sliding speed and bearing load. To determine the wear mechanism, the worn surfaces of the samples were examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The optimum wear reduction was obtained at different
normal loads and at same sliding speed
RABBIT PRODUCTION VIS-À-VIS POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND FOOD SECURITY IN ASIA
This paper aims to create awareness among the public about the importance of rabbit farming to meet food crisis in the future. Rabbits can be easily reared by small-scale farmers in their backyard with minimal investments for more income generation. Rabbits make use of forages of low nutritive value to produces highly nutritious meat and the faeces of the rabbits can be used as an alternative to inorganic fertilizer, this interaction between rabbits and soil makes rabbit farming suitable for integrated farming system. Waste of rabbits make excellent compost which in turn makes high quality organic fertilizer. The rabbit faeces were used in the manufacture of bio-digesters and the fertilizer value of the faeces aids to improve the environment by reducing methane emissions. Feeding and housing management of rabbits were not much complicated. Rabbit house can be made from locally available materials and the rabbits can be fed with household wastes and the forages and legumes that can be cultivated within the farmers own farm, that should meet the animals daily needs. Thus the construction and off farm feed costs will be reduced. This makes sure that the rabbit farming will be well accepted by small scale farmers to meet both their nutritious and financial requirements. The farmers can also expand their farm to a commercial level, if guidance, knowledge and technical supports were provided and this makes the market to flood with rabbit in the future which is the only way for food security and employment generation
A Study on Comparison of Various Methods of Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus.
INTRODUCTION:
Infections have been one of the major causes of
Morbidity and mortality worldwide among human population[49]. All
Microorganisms namely Bacteria, Viruses,Parasites and Fungi cause variety
Of infections affecting every organ system of the body. Respiratory
Infections, Gastrointestinal,Central nervous system[54], Skin and Soft tissue
Infections are some of them to be mentioned. Staphylococcus aureus ,
One of the earliest detected bacteria was discovered by Sir Alexander
Ogston in1880 in Aberdeen, Scotland[22].S.aureus is responsible for a wide
Range of infections most notable among which are Neonatal sepsis[85],
Endocarditis[133] , Bacteremia[31], and Skin infections. S.aureus is an
Important pathogen causing serious infections both in hospitals and
Community.
Discovery of antimicrobial agents is one of the
Most important developments in modern medicine. The modern era of
Chemotherapy began in 1935 after the discovery of Sulphonamides
By German chemist Gerhard Domagk [39] which was marketed by
Bayer by the trade name Prontosil. Sulphonamides were used for
Treating Staphylococcal septicemia, puerperal sepsis and Meningococcal
Infections successfully. This was followed by the discovery of newer
Therapeutic agents by many people which contributed to the Antibiotic
Revolution in the last century. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander
Fleming in 1928[128] and it was therapeutically used by Howard
Flory in 1940. Initially penicillin was used for the treatment of war
Wounds in 1943. Streptomycin was discovered by an American
Microbiologist Selman Walksman [19] in 1943. In 1948 Cephalosporin
Was identified by Brotzu [40] and introduced for therapeutic use
In 1964. This was followed by the discovery of Erythromycin
By Mc Guire[41] in 1952, Tetracycline by Lioyd Conover[74] in 1955,
Rifamycin by Sensi and Margalith [42] in 1957, Vancomycin by Edmund
Kornfeld in 1958[18] , the first Quinolone, Nalidixic acid by George
Lesher[131] in 1962, Minocycline in 1967[74] Tegicycline in 1990[74],
Linezolid by E.I.Dupont de Nemours[77] in 2000, Daptomycin in 2003[76],
Telithromycin in 2004[75] and a newer anti tuberculous drug TMC207
By Andries[43] et al in 2005. Within a very short period after it’s
Discovery (1943), resistance to Penicillin was developed by many
Microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus being the earliest.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE:
Microbial resistance to Antimicrobial agents can be Intrinsic or
Extrinsic[8]. Intrinsic resistance results from the normal genetic structure
Or Physiological state of the micro organism. Extrinsic resistance is
Defined as the acquired ability of a pathogen to withstand an
Antibiotic that kills off it’s sensitive counterparts. During the past
Twenty five years, alarming number of bacterial strains have evolved
With resistance to antimicrobial agents[79]. This resistant microbial
Strains have become one of the major concerns of the Clinicians,
Microbiologists and Public Health officials. Resistance to antimicrobial
Agents developed by micro organisms has created a major problem in
The treatment of not only serious and life threatening infections in
Hospitals but also common infections at the Community level.
.
Those patients who are in the intensive care units and burns wards and
Infants and elderly are particularly vulnerable[20] .
Widespread misuse of antimicrobial agents is one
Of the important factors for favouring the emergence of resistant
Bacterial strains. Genetic variability is essential for the development of
Microbial resistance which occurs through various mechanisms such as
1.Point mutation occurring in nucleoside base pair resulting in alteration
Of enzyme substrate or the target site of antimicrobial agents.2.Largescale
Rearrangements of the bacterial genome generated by Integrons, Transposons
Or Insertion sequences. 3. Acquisition of foreign DNA by plasmids,
Bacteriophages or transposable genetic elements[71] This inheritance of
Foreign DNA contributes to organism’s genetic variability and it’s
Capacity to respond to the selection pressures imposed by the
Antimicrobial agents. Resistance to antimicrobial agents is also mediated
By microbial enzymes such as Beta lactamase which inactivate the
Therapeutic agents.
Methicillin, a betalactam antibiotic variant of penicillin
Class (2,6- dimethoxy phenyl penicillin) was introduced in 1959 by
Beecham[27].It was used to treat infections caused by resistant strains
Of S.aureus, but because of it’s toxicity such as aplastic anaemia [50] and
Nephrotoxicity[73], Methicillin is no longer used for therapeutic purpose
Nowadays. Very soon after it’s discovery, Methcillin Resistance to
S.aureus (MRSA) was identified in 1961[122] and has been increasing
Since that time.
Methicillin resistance first appeared among nosocomial
Isolates of S.aureus in England in 1961. Prevalence of MRSA in
Hospital infections in England was 21% in 1975 which became 35%
In 1991[13] . Now it is prevalent world wide and varies from place
To place ranging from 2% to 70% except a few countries like
Netherland where the prevalence of MRSA is <0.5% [127]. In India, the
Prevalence of MRSA is estimated to be 30 to 70 percent[7] . Since
MRSA strain can resist practically all available antibiotics, it has
Risen to the level of public health threat in hospitals and in the
Community eversince it’s identification. Health care Associated MRSA
(HA- MRSA) is different from Community Acquired MRSA
(CA- MRSA ) in epidemiological and molecular aspects. Methicillin
Resistance in S.aureus is mediated by mec A gene which codes for
A modified penicillin binding protein 2a [72] (PBP -2a). This resistance
Can be constitutive or inducible. Mec A gene is carried on mobile
Genetic elements, Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome [27] (SCC mec).
Atleast five different SCC mec types of varying genetic sequences
And size have been described. Types 1 to 3 are found in healthcare
Associated MRSA strains and tend to be larger and multidrug
Resistant. Types 4 and 5 are associated with community associated
MRSA and are smaller and more susceptible to antibiotics other
Than Betalactam antibiotics. CA- MRSA also carries the gene for
Panton Valentine Leucocidin along with SCC mec type IV element.
P.V.L is a virulent factor which was described by Panton and
Valentine [79] in 1932. The genes coding for PVL are luk S-PV and
Luk F-PV. PVL +ve CA- MRSA strains are associated with severe
Necrotising pneumonia with very high fatal outcome.
Hospital acquired MRSA is commonly associated with
Pneumonia and bacteremia. MRSA bacteremia is a serious condition
Which carries the risk of fatality ranging from 23% to 54%. HA-MRSA
Is commonly found among infants and elderly and presents with risk
Factors such as longer hospital stay [121], urinary catheterization,
Diabetes, prior antibiotics especially quinolones, acute renal failure [16].
CA MRSA infection is usually associated with various
Risk factors such as weak immune system (as in hivinfection, cancer,
Asthma, I.V drug abuse) and prolonged exposure to antibiotics [118].
People who spend time in confined places such as prisons [80],
Military barracks[134], college students who live in dormitories, people
Who spend time in coastal areas where MRSA is present, athletes
And football players, people who are rearing livestock animals that
Are infected by CA- MRSA are also at risk of getting infected
With MRSA. It produces primarily skin and soft tissue
Infections[92]. Recently it has been found to be associated with fatal
Necrotizing pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis [10 ], Meningitis and Brain
Abscess [104], Bone and joints infections. A newer strain of CA- MRSA
USA 300 was identified in 2001. Now it’s prevalence has been
Documented worldwide [60]. This new Strain has caused infections
In players [11] and military recruits. CA- MRSA USA 300 has been
Reported to have caused nosocomial infections [91] also such as
Bacteremia [106] and osteomyelitis [38] and prosthetic joint infections.
Drug resistance in other bacteria such as
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Salmonella , Shigella, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
And Streptococcus pneumoniae is mainly community acquired problem
Whereas MRSA were identified as nosocomial pathogens [122].Commonest
Site of carriage of MRSA is anterior nares [2] MRSA is resistant to
Many antibiotics and it is very difficult to eradicate from patients as
Well as carriers. The therapeutic options are limited and the spectrum of
Resistance is worrying. The glycopeptide antibiotic Vancomycin [115] and
The lipopeptide antibiotic Daptomycin [15] are used to treat severe
MRSA infections. Unfortunately MRSA strains resistant to these
Drugs have started emerging recently [47]
Effects of foliar applications of different growth promoting substances on growth and yield of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
An experiment was conducted to
investigate the influence of different growth promoting
substances on growth and yield of bitter gourd.
Experiment was laid out in a randomized complete
block design (RCBD) with four replications. Different
foliar sprays viz. T1- Effective Microorganism (EM),
T2- Cow urine, T3- Commercial growth promoting
substance (Boom flower) and T4- Water (control) were
tested. Highest values for average vine length (175.4
cm) and vine weight (40.9 g) were recorded in T3 and
lowest male: female flower ratio (7:1) was obtained in
T1. Maximum fruit length (29.9 cm) and fruit weight
(158.1 g) were recorded in T1. The results revealed that
application of EM is one of the ways to increase the
yield of bitter gourd
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