A Note On ℓ\ell-Rauzy Graphs for the Infinite Fibonacci Word

The $\ell$-Rauzy graph of order $k$ for any infinite word is a directed graph in which an arc $(v_1,v_2)$ is formed if the concatenation of the word $v_1$ and the suffix of $v_2$ of length $k-\ell$ is a subword of the infinite word. In this paper, we consider one of the important aperiodic recurrent words, the infinite Fibonacci word for discussion. We prove a few basic properties of the $\ell$-Rauzy graph of the infinite Fibonacci word. We also prove that the $\ell$-Rauzy graphs for the infinite Fibonacci word are strongly connected.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

Study on significance of C-peptide levels in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia associated with disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism due to absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion or its action. Treatment should be based on underlying pathophysiology not on symptoms. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. In type 2 DM patients, estimation of C-peptide levels to assess the level of insulin secretion in the body. 2. Obesity and C-peptide level correlation in patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. 3. Treatment modification in type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients based on C- peptide levels. SETTINGS AND DESIGNS: It is a prospective study done in the diabetic outpatient clinic of our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From Dec 2014 to May 2015, 50 type 2 diabetic patients were evaluated for fasting plasma glucose level, fasting C-peptide level and BMI taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criterias. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients labelled as type 2 diabetes mellitus. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: a. Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. b. Patients with acute infections, renal failure and pregnancy. CONCLUSION: 1. Nearly 88 % patients had adequate insulin reserve of > 0.6 ng/ml. The obese patients had higher C- peptide levels compared to the non- obese patients indicating insulin resistance. 2. The insulin reserve decreased with the increase in duration of diabetes as seen by the decrease in fasting C-peptide levels. This indicates that the β cell dysfunction increases with the duration of diabetes. 3. Minority of the patients had very low C- peptide levels and require insulin therapy. The obese patients with adequate insulin reserve, require dietary and exercise management along with oral hypoglycaemic drugs to improve the level of insulin sensitivity to receptors. In Conclusion, this study suggests : * Early screening of subjects with family history of diabetes, * C-peptide testing should be done in patients with poor blood glucose control to decide treatment modalities and * To create awareness about lifestyle modifications and education to prevent obesity

Wear Analysis on 410 Stainless Steel Material by Hardening Process

The wear conduct of 410 stainless steel has been examined under a dry sliding contact at consistent load. It was found that hardening procedure was successful in enhancing the wear conduct of stainless steel material, advancing the property of pliability. A low temperature hardening has been completed for three distinct examples at a hour, a hour and a half, 120 minutes. Untreated stainless steel was utilized as a kind of perspective material and experienced wear test for comparison with different hardening samples. The hardening samples uncover that hard layers that are shaped which enhances the surface hardness. Small scale hardness estimations uncovered a critical increment in hardness after treatment. The layers were portrayed by optical magnifying lens and checking electron magnifying lens investigation

Is rehabilitation of Olfaction necessary in patients undergoing Total Laryngectomy

INTRODUCTION : Laryngeal malignancy is the second most common malignancy in the upper aero-digestive tract. In India, the incidence rate is about 2.63% of all malignancy. 85 to 95 percentage of the laryngeal malignancy is the squamous cell carcinoma type, majority of which arises from the glottis. Hypopharyngeal malignancy is not very common. It accounts for 4% of all head and neck malignancy and 7% of all upper aero-digestive tract malignancy. 95% of the malignancy is squamous cell carcinoma and pyriform sinus being the most common site involved. The treatment of choice for the carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx depends on the stage at the time of presentation. Early stage of disease is managed by Radiotherapy alone or Endoscopic transoral excision with negative margins. Advanced stages of the disease will need radical surgery followed by radiotherapy. OBJECTIVES : 1. To compare the olfactory acuity of patients prior to and after total laryngectomy. 2. Assess effectiveness of nasal airflow inducing maneuver technique for olfaction and the quality of life in laryngectomised patients. METHODS : A prospective study was done recruiting patients who were planned for total laryngectomy from September 2014 to July 2015. They were subjected to olfaction testing prior to surgery. Olfaction testing was done using Butanol threshold test and Odour identification test. Composite score was calculated which gave the olfaction score. Patient was followed up 2 weeks after surgery when a quality of life assessment was done using Appetite, Hunger and Sensory Perception (AHSP) questionnaire and repeat olfaction testing was done. Following this polite yawn technique was taught to the patient and the olfaction testing was repeated with the maneuver. RESULTS : Twenty eight patients were recruited in this study. There was significant loss in sense of smell in all the 28 patients following total laryngectomy. After a therapy session for polite yawn technique the olfaction score showed a significant improvement in the olfaction score of all the 28 patients. Quality of life assessment was done using AHSP questionnaire. The internal coefficient of this questionnaire was high in all the five domains and hence can be used as an effective questionnaire for quality of life assessment in total laryngectomy patients. CONCLUSION : In this study of 28 patients after total laryngectomy, there was a loss in the sense of smell in all the 28 patients, which was tested using Butanol threshold test and Odour identification score. The olfaction score after a 15 minute session of Nasal Airway Inducing Maneuver, the polite yawn technique showed significant improvement. Quality of life assessment was done using Appetite, Hunger and Sensory Perception questionnaire. The internal coefficient of this questionnaire was high and hence can be used as an effective questionnaire for quality of life assessment in total laryngectomy patients with respect to smell, taste, hunger feelings and appetite

Capacity Behaviour using WSDV Scheme over WiMAX

The objective of this project is to create Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) for 4th generation mobile wireless networks in which it is foreseen that mobile Television (TV) services will reproduce rapidly. In television applications are bandwidth hogs that cause a challenging capacity problem in wireless networks. To address this challenge, a novel scheme for mobile Television services over WiMAX network, called the Wireless Switched Digital Video (WSDV) scheme, is proposed. Compared with the conventional broadcast or unicast schemes, the hybrid approach introduced in the proposed WSDV approach exploits the merits of two conventional schemes and mitigates their demerits, which enables it to increase wireless capacity for mobile Television services. The analytical model can capture the details of WiMAX resource allocation and take into consideration the popularity of the mobile Television contents being viewed by users enabling it to provide an accurate estimate of the amount of bandwidth required for WiMAX TV services and also enabling a designer to optimally select the number of channels via the WSDV service while meeting a desired level of blocking probability. The proposed optimized scheme outperforms the conventional schemes with respect to blocking probability. Finally, an end-to-end solution to the WSDV scheme is also presented

N-(3-Nitro­benzyl­idene)aniline

In the title compound, C13H10N2O2, a Schiff base derivative, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 31.58 (3)°. The C=N double bond is essentially coplanar with the nitro­phenyl ring. The torsion angle of the imine double bond is 175.97 (13)°, indicating that the C=N double bond is in a trans configuration. The crystal structure is stabilized by C—H⋯O contacts and π–π inter­actions (centroid–centroid distances of 3.807 and 3.808Å)

DNA methylation at a nutritionally sensitive region of the PAX8 gene is associated with thyroid volume and function in Gambian children.

Funder: Wellcome TrustPAX8 is a key thyroid transcription factor implicated in thyroid gland differentiation and function, and PAX8 gene methylation is reported to be sensitive to the periconceptional environment. Using a novel recall-by-epigenotype study in Gambian children, we found that PAX8 hypomethylation at age 2 years is associated with a 21% increase in thyroid volume and an increase in free thyroxine (T4) at 5 to 8 years, the latter equivalent to 8.4% of the normal range. Free T4 was associated with a decrease in DXA-derived body fat and bone mineral density. Furthermore, offspring PAX8 methylation was associated with periconceptional maternal nutrition, and methylation variability was influenced by genotype, suggesting that sensitivity to environmental exposures may be under partial genetic control. Together, our results demonstrate a possible link between early environment, PAX8 gene methylation and thyroid gland development and function, with potential implications for early embryonic programming of thyroid-related health and disease

miRNA-Dependent Translational Repression in the Drosophila Ovary

Background: The Drosophila ovary is a tissue rich in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Many of the regulatory factors are proteins identified via genetic screens. The more recent discovery of microRNAs, which in other animals and tissues appear to regulate translation of a large fraction of all mRNAs, raised the possibility that they too might act during oogenesis. However, there has been no direct demonstration of microRNA-dependent translational repression in the ovary. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, quantitative analyses of transcript and protein levels of transgenes with or without synthetic miR-312 binding sites show that the binding sites do confer translational repression. This effect is dependent on the ability of the cells to produce microRNAs. By comparison with microRNA-dependent translational repression in other cell types, the regulated mRNAs and the protein factors that mediate repression were expected to be enriched in sponge bodies, subcellular structures with extensive similarities to the P bodies found in other cells. However, no such enrichment was observed. Conclusions/Significance: Our results reveal the variety of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that operate in the Drosophila ovary, and have implications for the mechanisms of miRNA-dependent translational control used in the ovary.This work was supported in part by NIH grant GM54409 and in part by Research Grant No. 1-FY08-445. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Cellular and Molecular Biolog