¿Es capaz el mindfulness de reducir la intensidad de juicio y el efecto de falso consenso?

Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs acadèmic: 2016/2017El mindfulness es, por definición, la acción de prestar atención completa a la experiencia presente de una forma particular, con un propósito y sin hacer juicios o evaluaciones de los eventos privados experimentados y de los estímulos externos relacionados con estos eventos privados. Este ejercicio es una técnica de relajación que, en numerosos estudios, ha demostrado ser capaz de producir efectos positivos en el ámbito laboral, educativo y sanitario. Sin embargo, es escasa la literatura que explica los mecanismos cognitivos a los que afecta esta técnica y que explicarían estos efectos. Algunos de los estudios que pretenden dar una explicación a tales efectos han demostrado que el mindfulness es capaz de mejorar las capacidades cognitivas y los procesos atencionales. En lo referido a procesos atributivos, se ha demostrado que algunos de los sesgos atributivos elementales, como el sesgo de correspondencia, se reducen de forma significativa con la práctica de esta técnica dada la capacidad para otorgar a sus practicantes la habilidad de realizar observaciones centradas en el momento presente e impedir en gran medida la actuación de mecanismos automáticos de prejuicio y estereotipación. El presente estudio pretende conocer en qué medida es capaz el mindfulness de modificar la intensidad con la que las personas emiten juicios morales, así como a cometer errores atributivos, en concreto el efecto de falso consenso. Para este cometido se ha contado con una muestra de 440 participantes y se han utilizado herramientas como el cuestionario MINDSENS, la Escala de Necesidad de Cognición y cuestionarios de elaboración propia donde los participantes debían emitir juicios, considerar el consenso social existente y situar estas respuestas en una dimensión de intensidad. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una reducción significativa del efecto de falso consenso en los participantes meditadores. Sin embargo, no se aprecian diferencias en la intensidad de los juicios emitidos entre meditadores y no meditadores.Mindfulness is, by definition, the action of paying attention to the actual experience in a particular way, with a purpose and without making judgments or evaluations of the experienced private events and the external stimuli related to these private events. This exercise is a relaxation technique that, in many studies, has shown to be able to produce positive effects in the labor, educational and health field. However, there are not many literature explaining the cognitive mechanisms that affect this technique and explain these effects. Some of the studies that attempt to explain the stories have shown that mindfulness is capable of improving cognitive abilities and attentional processes. With regard to attributive processes, it has been shown that some of the biases of elemental attributions, such as correspondence bias, are significantly reduced with the practice of this technique given the ability to give its practitioners the ability to perform observations centered on the present moment and greatly impede the performance of automatic mechanisms of prejudice and stereotyping. The present study intends to know to what extent the mindfulness is able to modify the intensity with which people emit moral judgments, as well as to commit attributive errors, in particular the effect of false consensus. For this purpose, a sample of 440 participants has used tools such as the MINDSENS questionnaire, the Cognition Need Scale and the self-elaboration questionnaires where participants should make judgments, consider the existing social consensus and find these answers in An intensity dimension The results obtained reflect a significant reduction of the effect of false consensus on the meditator participants. However, there are no differences in the intensity of the judgments emitted between meditators and non-meditators

Pd(II)-Catalyzed <i>ortho</i>-C–H Oxidation of Arylacetic Acid Derivatives: Synthesis of Benzofuranones

Pd­(II)-catalyzed <i>ortho</i>-C–H acetoxylation of arylacetic acid derivatives is demonstrated with the aid of a novel <i>S</i>-methyl-<i>S</i>-2-pyridyl­sulfoximine (MPyS) directing group (DG). The α-mono- and α-unsubstituted arylacetic acid derivatives were readily employed in the <i>ortho</i>-C–H acetoxylations. The oxidation products are hydrolyzed, and the MPyS-DG is easily recovered, providing ready access to <i>o</i>-hydroxy­arylacetic acids. 3-Mono- and 3-unsubstituted benzo­furanones are synthesized from <i>o</i>-hydroxy­aryl­acetic acids

Pd(II)-Catalyzed Primary-C(sp³)–H Acyloxylation at Room Temperature

With the aid of a novel <i>S</i>-methyl-<i>S</i>-2-pyridyl-sulfoximine (MPyS) directing group (DG), the unactivated primary β-C(sp³)–H bond of MPyS-<i>N</i>-amides oxidizes at room temperature. The catalytic conditions are applicable to the diacetoxylation of primary β,β′-C(sp³)–H bonds, and the carboxylic acid solvent is pivotal in the formation of the C–O bond. The MPyS-DG cleaves from the oxidation products and is recovered. This method provides convenient access to α,α′-disubstituted-β-hydroxycarboxylic acids

Sulfoximine Directed Intermolecular <i>o</i>‑C–H Amidation of Arenes with Sulfonyl Azides

The Ru(II)-catalyzed intermolecular <i>o</i>-C–H amidation of arenes in N-benzoylated sulfoximine with sulfonyl azides is demonstrated. The reaction proceeds with broad substrate scope and tolerates various functional groups. Base hydrolysis of the amidation product provides the anthranilic acid derivatives and methylphenyl sulfoximine (MPS) directing group. This method is successfully employed for the synthesis of HMR 1766

Sulfoximine Directed Intermolecular <i>o</i>‑C–H Amidation of Arenes with Sulfonyl Azides

The Ru(II)-catalyzed intermolecular <i>o</i>-C–H amidation of arenes in N-benzoylated sulfoximine with sulfonyl azides is demonstrated. The reaction proceeds with broad substrate scope and tolerates various functional groups. Base hydrolysis of the amidation product provides the anthranilic acid derivatives and methylphenyl sulfoximine (MPS) directing group. This method is successfully employed for the synthesis of HMR 1766

Ruthenium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation of Arenes and Mechanistic Study: Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofurans, Indolines, and Chromans

A ruthenium-catalyzed, amide-directed intramolecular hydroarylation of alkene-tethered benzamide derivatives is discussed. This method proficiently constructs dihydrobenzofuran, indoline, and chroman skeletons of biological significance in good to excellent yields; the overall process is atom-economical and step-efficient. The reaction exhibits broad scope, tolerating common functional groups, labile protecting units, and heteroaryl motifs. The use of a catalytic amount of base suffices the need. Deuterium scrambling and kinetic studies offer valuable facts for understanding the reaction mechanism

Ruthenium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation of Arenes and Mechanistic Study: Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofurans, Indolines, and Chromans

A ruthenium-catalyzed, amide-directed intramolecular hydroarylation of alkene-tethered benzamide derivatives is discussed. This method proficiently constructs dihydrobenzofuran, indoline, and chroman skeletons of biological significance in good to excellent yields; the overall process is atom-economical and step-efficient. The reaction exhibits broad scope, tolerating common functional groups, labile protecting units, and heteroaryl motifs. The use of a catalytic amount of base suffices the need. Deuterium scrambling and kinetic studies offer valuable facts for understanding the reaction mechanism

Sulfoximine-Directed Ruthenium-Catalyzed <i>ortho</i>-C–H Alkenylation of (Hetero)Arenes: Synthesis of EP3 Receptor Antagonist Analogue

The reusable sulfox­imine directing-group-assisted Ru­(II)-catalyzed chemo- and regio­selective <i>ortho</i>-C–H alkenylation of arenes and hetero­arenes with acrylates and α,β-unsaturated ketones/vinyl sulfone is shown. The <i>N</i>-aroyl sulfoximine undergoes annulation with diphenyl­acetylene, delivering iso­quinoli­nones and methyl phenyl sulfoxide. The present protocol is successfully employed for the synthesis of the EP3 receptor antagonist analogue

Ru-Catalyzed One-Pot Diannulation of Heteroaryls: Direct Access to π‑Conjugated Polycyclic Amides

A novel Ru-catalyzed oxidative double annulation of heteroarenes with symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkynes is reported. A general method for the unsymmetrical annulation of heteroarenes with two distinct alkynes is showcased for the first time. Methylphenyl sulfoximine (MPS) plays an important role in the annulations of heteroarenes and allows the construction of structurally complex π-conjugated heteroarene-fused polycyclic amide skeletons via the formation of multiple C–C and C–N bonds in a single operation. The reaction exhibits excellent substrate scope and tolerates a wide range of functional groups