Revegetation of Tropical Peat Swamp Forest of Former Fires Using Local Tree Species in South Sumatra (Indonesia)

Revegetation of tropical peat swamp forests (PSF) from former fires with local tree species has strategic value for the recovery of PSF, which has been largely lost and severely degraded by logging, conversion, drainage, and repetitive fires. The PSF recovery will be followed by increased forest cover, CO2 sequestration, O2 production, and peat ecosystem biodiversity. The method of revegetation that guarantees successful planting is still very lacking and has not been widely publicized. The study aimed to analyze the growth of revegetated plants on PSF of former fires. It used a field experiment design with four types of local peat plants, namely ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), punak (Tetramerista glabra), tembesu (Fragraea fragrans), and pulai (Alstonia pneumatophora). The results of the study showed that until the age of 2 years, the survival rate of revegetated plants ranged from 92.56%–94.69%, with growth of 32.53–44.94 cm/year and diameter growth of 0.87–1.21 cm/year. The growth of revegetated plants still accelerated in observations until the age of 3 years. This study provides optimism that PSF revegetation degraded by the fires could be carried out with satisfactory results

Tindakan Sepihak Amerika Serikat Terkait Pengajuan Pemberlakuan Kembali Sanksi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa terhadap Iran Berdasarkan Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)

Dalam skripsi ini penulis mengangkat permasalahan Tindakan Sepihak Amerika Serikat Terkait Pengajuan Pemberlakuan Kembali Sanksi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa terhadap Iran Berdasarkan Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). Hal ini dilatarbelakangi oleh tindakan Amerika Serikat pada 20 Agustus 2020 yang secara sepihak bersikeras bahwa negaranya berhak mengajukan pemberlakuan kembali sanksi PBB terhadap Iran kepada Dewan Keamanan PBB meski telah berhenti berpartisipasi dalam JCPOA, dengan merujuk kepada Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB 2231 Tahun 2015 untuk melakukan penyelesaian sengketa terkait pelanggaran oleh Iran terhadap JCPOA menurut mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa di dalam JCPOA. Hal ini menjadi perdebatan di antara anggota-anggota Dewan Keamanan PBB yang mempersoalkan status Amerika Serikat dalam JCPOA. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penulis memfokuskan penelitian pada status hukum penarikan sepihak Amerika Serikat dari JCPOA dan legalitas pengajuan pemberlakuan kembali sanksi PBB terhadap Iran oleh Amerika Serikat kepada Dewan Keamanan PBB berdasarkan JCPOA. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan historis. Penulis menggunakan teknik deskriptif kualitatif untuk menganalisis bahan hukum, dengan mendeskripsikan bahan hukum secara apa adanya dengan kata-kata yang jelas dan terperinci. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa JCPOA tidak memuat klausul penarikan negara pesertanya, sehingga apabila ada negara peserta yang hendak menarik diri didasarkan pada ketentuan penarikan dalam Pasal 54 dan Pasal 56 Konvensi Wina Tahun 1969 tentang Hukum Perjanjian Internasional. Penarikan sepihak Amerika Serikat dari JCPOA tidak sah, karena tidak memenuhi persyaratan penarikan dari perjanjian internasional dalam Pasal 54 dan Pasal 56 konvensi tersebut. Penarikan sepihak Amerika Serikat tidak berpengaruh terhadap keanggotaannya dalam JCPOA, dengan demikian secara hukum Amerika Serikat masih merupakan negara peserta dalam JCPOA. Kemudian pengajuan pemberlakuan kembali sanksi PBB terhadap Iran oleh Amerika Serikat kepada Dewan Keamanan PBB berdasarkan JCPOA adalah ilegal, karena meskipun Iran terbukti melanggar JCPOA dan Amerika Serikat memiliki hak untuk melakukan pengajuan, tetapi cara tersebut tidak sesuai dengan prosedur Mekanisme Penyelesaian Sengketa di dalam JCPOA, yaitu dengan merujuk isu pelanggaran oleh negara peserta kepada Joint Commission terlebih dahulu.

TINDAKAN SEPIHAK AMERIKA SERIKAT TERKAIT PENGEMBALIAN SANKSI PBB TERHADAP IRAN BERDASARKAN JCPOA

Raissa Anjani Amaris, Agis Ardhiansyah, Anak Agung Ayu Nanda Saraswati Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya Jl. MT. Haryono No. 169 Malang e-mail: [email protected]   ABSTRAK Penelitian ini ditujukan pada status hukum penarikan sepihak Amerika Serikat dari JCPOA dan legalitas pengajuan pemberlakuan kembali sanksi PBB terhadap Iran oleh Amerika Serikat kepada Dewan Keamanan PBB berdasarkan JCPOA. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan historis, serta teknik deskriptif kualitatif untuk menganalisis bahan hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa JCPOA tidak memuat klausul penarikan negara pesertanya, sehingga apabila ada negara peserta yang hendak menarik diri didasarkan pada ketentuan penarikan dalam Pasal 54 dan Pasal 56 Konvensi Wina Tahun 1969 tentang Hukum Perjanjian Internasional. Penarikan sepihak Amerika Serikat dari JCPOA tidak sah, karena tidak memenuhi persyaratan penarikan dari perjanjian internasional dalam Pasal 54 dan Pasal 56 konvensi tersebut, dengan demikian secara hukum Amerika Serikat masih merupakan negara peserta dalam JCPOA. Kemudian pengajuan pemberlakuan kembali sanksi PBB terhadap Iran oleh Amerika Serikat kepada Dewan Keamanan PBB berdasarkan JCPOA adalah ilegal, karena meskipun Iran terbukti melanggar JCPOA dan Amerika Serikat memiliki hak untuk melakukan pengajuan, tetapi cara tersebut tidak sesuai dengan prosedur Mekanisme Penyelesaian Sengketa di dalam JCPOA, yaitu dengan merujuk isu pelanggaran oleh negara peserta kepada Joint Commission terlebih dahulu. Kata kunci: JCPOA, Penarikan Sepihak, Mekanisme Penyelesaian Sengketa ABSTRACT This research studies the legal standing of the US unilaterally withdrawing from JCPOA and the legality regarding reimposition of a UN sanction against Iran to the UN Security Council according to JCPOA. With a normative juridical method, statutory, and historical approaches, this research analyzed legal materials by implementing a descriptive-qualitative method. The research results reveal that JCPOA does not include any clauses regulating the withdrawal of one of the member states, and when there should be any, it should refer to Article 54 and 56 of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969. On the contrary, the withdrawal of the US from JCPOA is deemed illicit since it does not comply with those articles, and, thus, the US is still a member of JCPOA. Moreover, the reimposition of a sanction against Iran is considered illegal since it did not take a proper procedure that should have also taken dispute resolution mechanism through Joint Commission although the US has the right to reimpose sanction and Iran violated JCPOA. Keywords: JCPOA, Unilateral Withdrawal, Dispute Resolution Mechanism

Enabling Factors of NTFP Business Development for Ecosystem Restoration: The Case of Tamanu Oil in Indonesian Degraded Peatland

Indonesia’s tropical peatlands are one of the world’s largest carbon sinks, and they are facing the threat of extensive degradation and conversion. The Indonesian government is committed to peat restoration. However, restoration is still a costly, top-down approach lacking community participation, and is focused on the 3R scheme (rewetting, revegetation, and revitalization). Peatland restoration businesses are part of the innovative effort to finance this endeavor. Unfortunately, there is not much information available about the pre-conditions required to create a restoration business. This study seeks to understand the enabling conditions for the development of peatland restoration, with a focus on the tamanu oil business, and to assess whether the same situation might apply in the context of the restoration of degraded peatland. PEST analysis is used to describe the macro-environmental factors of the tamanu oil business and its development opportunities in degraded peatlands. Tamanu oil-based peat ecosystem restoration businesses offer good prospects because of the growing it has grown the bioenergy and biomedical markets, and they can cover a larger area of degraded peatland landscape. For tamanu oil businesses to succeed in peat ecosystem restoration, we recommend that policy documents at various levels include tamanu as a priority commodity for peatland restoration and alternative community businesses, followed by planting programs by all stakeholders. The government and social organizations must take positions as initiators and catalysts, establish a significant number and extent of pilot tamanu plantations, and create a mutually supportive business climate between entrepreneurs and peatland managers

Enabling Factors of NTFP Business Development for Ecosystem Restoration: The Case of Tamanu Oil in Indonesian Degraded Peatland

Indonesia’s tropical peatlands are one of the world’s largest carbon sinks, and they are facing the threat of extensive degradation and conversion. The Indonesian government is committed to peat restoration. However, restoration is still a costly, top-down approach lacking community participation, and is focused on the 3R scheme (rewetting, revegetation, and revitalization). Peatland restoration businesses are part of the innovative effort to finance this endeavor. Unfortunately, there is not much information available about the pre-conditions required to create a restoration business. This study seeks to understand the enabling conditions for the development of peatland restoration, with a focus on the tamanu oil business, and to assess whether the same situation might apply in the context of the restoration of degraded peatland. PEST analysis is used to describe the macro-environmental factors of the tamanu oil business and its development opportunities in degraded peatlands. Tamanu oil-based peat ecosystem restoration businesses offer good prospects because of the growing it has grown the bioenergy and biomedical markets, and they can cover a larger area of degraded peatland landscape. For tamanu oil businesses to succeed in peat ecosystem restoration, we recommend that policy documents at various levels include tamanu as a priority commodity for peatland restoration and alternative community businesses, followed by planting programs by all stakeholders. The government and social organizations must take positions as initiators and catalysts, establish a significant number and extent of pilot tamanu plantations, and create a mutually supportive business climate between entrepreneurs and peatland managers