Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells into spinal cord lesions restores breathing and climbing

One of the most devastating effects of damage to the upper spinal cord is the loss of the ability to breathe; patients suffering these injuries can be kept alive only with assisted ventilation. No known method for repairing these injuries exists. We report here the return of supraspinal control of breathing and major improvements in climbing after the application of a novel endogenous matrix transfer method. This method permits efficient transfer and retention of cultured adult rat olfactory ensheathing cells when transplanted into large lesions that destroy all tracts on one side at the upper cervical level of the adult rat spinal cord. This demonstrates that transplantation can produce simultaneous repair of two independent spinal functions

Functional repair of the corticospinal tract by delayed transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells in adult rats

Adult rats were trained to use their forepaws to retrieve a piece of food. Destruction of the dorsal corticospinal tract on one side at the level of the first cervical segment abolished the use of the ipsilateral forepaw for retrieval for at least 6 months after operation. Where a variable amount of the corticospinal tract was spared, there was a proportionate persistence of retrieval. In lesioned rats that had shown no retrieval for 8 weeks after operation, a suspension of olfactory ensheathing cells was injected into the lesion site. Starting between 1 and 3 weeks after transplantation, all rats with transplants bridging the lesion site resumed retrieval by the ipsilateral forepaw. Biotin dextran anterograde tracing shows regenerating corticospinal axons crossing the bridge, traveling caudally for ~10 mm in the distal part of the corticospinal tract and forming terminal arborizations in the spinal gray matter. Functional recovery can occur when only ~1% of the corticospinal tract axons are present

Transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells promote regeneration of cut adult rat optic nerve axons

Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells into spinal cord lesions promotes regeneration of cut axons into terminal fields and functional recovery. This repair involves the formation of a peripheral nerve-like bridge in which perineurial-like fibroblasts are organized into a longitudinal stack of parallel tubular channels, some of which contain regenerating axons enwrapped by Schwann-like olfactory ensheathing cells. The present study examines whether cut retinal ganglion cell axons will also respond to these cells, and if so, whether they form the same type of arrangement. In adult rats, the optic nerve was completely severed behind the optic disc, and a matrix containing cultured olfactory ensheathing cells was inserted between the proximal and distal stumps. After 6 months, the transplanted cells had migrated for up to 10 mm into the distal stump. Anterograde labeling with cholera toxin B showed that cut retinal ganglion cell axons had regenerated through the transplants, entered the distal stump, and elongated for 10 mm together with the transplanted cells. Electron microscopy showed that a peripheral nerve-like tissue had been formed, similar to that seen in the spinal cord transplants. However, in contrast to the spinal cord, the axons did not reach the terminal fields, but terminated in large vesicle-filled expansions beyond which the distal optic nerve stump was reduced to a densely interwoven mass of astrocytic processes

Astrocytic role in synapse formation after injury

In 1969 a paper entitled Neuronal plasticity in the septal nuclei of the adult rat proposed that new synapses are formed in the adult brain after injury (Raisman, 1969). The quantitative electron microscopic study of the timed responses to selective partial denervation of the neuropil of the adult rat septal nuclei after distant transection of the hippocampal efferent axons in the fimbria showed that the new synapses arise by sprouting of surviving adjacent synapses which selectively take over the previously denervated sites and thus restore the number of synapses to normal. This article presents the evidence for the role of perisynaptic astrocytic processes in the removal and formation of synapses and considers its significance as one of the three major divisions of the astrocytic surface in terms of the axonal responses to injury and regeneration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:50th Anniversary Issue

Functional Repair of Rat Corticospinal Tract Lesions Does Not Require Permanent Survival of an Immunoincompatible Transplant

Cell transplantation is one of the most promising strategies for repair of human spinal cord injuries. Animal studies from a number of laboratories have shown that transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells cultured from biopsies of the olfactory bulb mediate axonal regeneration and remyelination and restore lost functions in spinal cord injuries. For translation from small laboratory experimental injuries to the large spinal cord injuries encountered in human patients the numbers of cells that can be obtained from a patient's own olfactory bulb becomes a serious limiting factor. Furthermore, removal of an olfactory bulb requires invasive surgery and risks unilateral anosmia. We here report that xenografted mouse bulbar olfactory ensheathing cells immunoprotected by daily cyclosporine restore directed forepaw reaching function in rats with chronic C1/2 unilateral corticospinal tract lesions. Once function had been established for 10 days, cyclosporine was withdrawn. Thirteen out of 13 rats continued to increase directed forepaw reaching. Immunohistochemistry shows that in all cases neurofilament-positive axons were present in the lesion, but that the grafted cells had been totally rejected. This implies that once grafted cells have acted as bridges for axon regeneration across the lesion site their continued presence is no longer necessary for maintaining the restored function. This raises the possibility that in the future a protocol of temporary immunoprotection might allow for the use of the larger available numbers of immunoincompatible allografted cells or cell lines, which would avoid the need for removing a patient's olfactory bulb

Sistem Informasi Geografis Pelayanan Kesehatan Di Tasikmalaya Berbasis Web

Gambaran geografis mengenai letak dan informasi pelayanan kesehatan yang tersebar cukup merata di Kota Tasikmalaya belum memenuhi kriteria yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat. Pembangunan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) persebaran pelayanan kesehatan merupakan pilihan yang diharapkan mampu memberikan solusi atas masalah yang dihadapi tersebut dengan penyajian informasi secara terintegrasi dari data spasial dan data non spasial, serta penyajian yang dinamis untuk proses editing data. Untuk dapat menghasilkan aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografis berbasis web ini dibutuhkan data spasial masing-masing lokasi pelayanan kesehatan seperti rumah sakit, puskesmas dan klinik untuk wilayah Kota Tasikmalaya. Sistem Informasi Geografis berbasis web ini dimulai dengan pengumpulan data dari Dinas Kesehatan Kota Tasikmalaya, kemudian penganalisisisan data yang telah diperoleh, dilanjutkan dengan pembangunan program menggunakan software XAMPP untuk server lokal dan basis data MySQL dengan fitur phpMyAdmin di dalamnya, Adobe Dreamweaver untuk proses pembuatan kode program, integrasi basis data dengan Google Maps API untuk menampilkan peta, serta browser sebagai pengecekan tampilan yang dihasilkan oleh kode program melalui server lokal &nbsp

Rifampicin quinone pretreatment improves neuronal survival by modulating microglia inflammation induced by α-synuclein

The World Health Organization has predicted that neurodegenerative diseasesaffecting the motor function will become the second most prevalent cause ofdeath in the next 20 years. New therapies can result from three main sources:synthetic compounds, natural products, and existing drugs. Parkinson?s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease affecting 1?3% of the adult population over 50 years of age worldwide. It is initially characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compact and later by the widespread loss of nondopaminergic neurons, including those in the cortex (Goedert et al., 2013). Inflammation is the main underlying cause in most, if not all, neurodegenerative diseases, playing a protective role in their initial acute phases, but a pernicious one in their later chronic phases. Increasing evidence has disclosed that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is crucial for PD progression (Hirsch and Hunot, 2009). Another neuropathological hallmark of PD is the presence of Lewy bodies, which are primarily composed of α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates (Goedert et al., 2013). In recent years, important studies on the role of α-Syn in PD have been conducted. The α-Syn aggregation in the central nervous system is a pathological process of fundamental importance in the development and progression of PD. Aggregates of α-Syn, in oligomeric and fibril forms, are thought to be capable of causing neurodegeneration either by directly damaging neurons or by activating microglia to produce neuroinflammatory mediators, which are neurotoxic (Hirsch and Hunot, 2009). Due to the consequent neuronal damage, an aggregation and release process of endogenous α-Syn occurs, triggering microglial activation and leading to neuroinflammation (Sanchez-Guajardo et al., 2015). In this way, α-Syn aggregates generate a vicious circle of neuroinflammation and neuronal death in PD. The interaction between these two players, α-Syn aggregates and microglial cells, is thus believed to be strongly implicated in the inflammatory process that accompanies PD progression. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie α-Syn-induced microglia activation are not well understood.Fil: Acuña, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Corbalan, Natalia Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Raisman Vozari, Rita. Centre de Recherche de I'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière; Francia. Sorbonne University; Francia. Inserm; Franci

Efektivitas Pembelajaran Online Pasca Pandemi Covid-19 Pada Program Studi Teknik Informatika Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi YBS Internasional Tasikmalaya

This research is Entitled The Effectiveness Of Online Learning After The Covid-10 Pandemic In The Informatics Engineering Study Program at Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi YBS Internasional. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of online learning after the covid-19 pandemic in the Informatics Engineering Study Program at Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Ybs Internasional. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a population of 15o students of the Informatics Engineering Study Program starting from class of 2018 to 2022 which is applied to the Odd Semester of the academic year 2022-2023. The number of sample amount 60 students and it was taken by using proportional stratified random sampling technique. The data coolection was obtained by distributing questionnaires using the assist of Google Form which consists of 21 statement items. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis using a percentage calculation formula with the assist of Microsoft Office Excel. The result of the research shows that the Online Learning After the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Informatics Engineering Study Program was classified as effective. This can be seen from the quality learning indicator of 78,10%, the learning level compliance of 78,67%, the incentive of 77,80% and the time indicator of 82,44% with all average is 78,81% and it is categorized as efevtive