Implications of Contemporary Leadership Models on Sales Management

As organizations have discovered that they cannot solely compete on price, product, quality, or technology, organizations have sought the use of optimum leadership models to assist with competition and survival. After examining the evolution of three contemporary leadership models: Spiritual Leadership, Primal Leadership, and Innovative Leadership, it is shown that these models offer sustenance in various ways for organizations and employees. Furthermore, because of the introduction and practice of Spiritual Leadership, Primal Leadership, and Innovative Leadership, specific implications exist for sales management as related to their sales reps and to their customers

Exploring the Sufficiency of Undergraduate Students’ Cybersecurity Knowledge Within Top Universities’ Entrepreneurship Programs

Small businesses using technology are at risk of cyberattacks and often do not have adequate cybersecurity knowledge, budgets, or dedicated security staff. Attackers know small businesses are accordingly vulnerable. An attack can result in severe losses or the closure of business, making this knowledge critical. Businesses ownership can originate with newly graduated entrepreneurship students, so that sample is selected for this study to determine if cybersecurity knowledge is gained through undergraduate curriculum. The preliminary findings of the study imply that entrepreneurship education might be enhanced with coursework that would help future small businesses avoid becoming victims of cyberattacks

A Study of Crowdsourcing in Undergraduate Entrepreneurship Education

Crowdsourcing is an approach to harness knowledge and support from crowds using online platforms. Its use occurs within businesses and academia. Small businesses especially derive value from crowdsourcing because entrepreneurs have startup costs as well as time challenges to bring services/products to market. Entrepreneurs may also seek innovation and authenticity to differentiate from competitors. Since crowdsourcing offers these benefits, the researchers queried faculty from public and private universities who taught undergraduate classes in entrepreneurship to explore teaching methods utilized as well as specific aspects of crowdsourcing that were included. Researchers analyzed the resulting crowdsourcing gaps as well as crowdsourcing teaching challenges. Based upon their findings, new crowdsourcing learning activities and strategies were developed such that undergraduate entrepreneurship students may further benefit from crowdsourcing

The Utilization of Instructional Technologies to Augment Traditional Instructional Strategies Within Online Undergraduate Entrepreneurship Programs

Researchers have categorized the methods used to teach entrepreneurship in a face-to-face delivery mode. However, little research has examined methods used for teaching entrepreneurship online. Accordingly, this paper surveys faculty and program chairs at universities that offer online entrepreneurship courses in order to establish a baseline of instructional strategies used within online entrepreneurial education. Since extant literature on effective entrepreneurial teaching methods emphasize the inclusion of entrepreneurship exercises to be experiential and creative, the authors build upon their survey baseline by suggesting five typical activities from the online canon and re-purpose them to increase the experiential nature of such exercises

Marketing Ethics: A Study of Significance Within National Professional Associations

Professional associations are expected to maintain a reasonable standard of behavior regarding how they market to their service bases. Prior research indicates that the use of written marketing ethics is not standardized and that business codes of ethics are a potential base for a universal code of marketing ethics from which all professionals could draw. We use document analysis to review several professional associations’ codes of conduct across several industries and quantify the mention of marketing ethics within each code to identify and explore gaps. The review found that some associations’ codes had significant representation, and others had a minimal or nonexistent representation of marketing ethics. Our findings also indicate that several external forces may determine the presence of marketing ethics and that such sporadic inclusion of marketing ethics indicates a necessity to develop and implement marketing ethics to protect professional and organizational integrity and market and consumer interests

An Examination of Undergraduate Student Participation Within an Interdisciplinary Business Course

Criticisms of business courses include a lack of relevancy and theoretical application. Using interdisciplinary business courses resolve such issues. Accordingly, an undergraduate business course on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) combined marketing activities within a service learning project. Student participation within three deliverables is discussed. The first, a CSR Marketing Analysis Report to guide students in evaluating an organization’s marketing initiatives. The second, a CSR Marketing Action Plan to identify marketing initiatives for completion. The third, a Final Presentation and a Reflection Paper. Additionally, this paper summarizes the completed marketing projects and synthesizes benefits experienced by students and their selected organizations

Evaluating Self-Efficacy Pertaining to Cybersecurity for Small Businesses

Small businesses are easy victims of cyberattacks due to their limited resources and insufficient training. Furthermore, many small business owners’ attitudes diminish their need for safeguards because they think that they are not likely to be attacked. Yet, small businesses experience Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, Distributed Denial of Service (DDos) attacks, phishing, vishing, and tail gating as well as theft of confidential information and hardware. Consequently, numerous small businesses close or experience detrimental results -- loss of consumer trust, lawsuits, credit monitoring fees, tarnished reputations, and lost operational costs. Since past research demonstrated that training positively impacts self-efficacy, this paper explores the effects of cybersecurity training on participants’ self-efficacy towards small business cybersecurity practices. Survey participants were face-to-face and virtual attendees at a public university’s Cybersecurity for Small Businesses Conference. To evaluate the attendees’ perceived self- efficacy, a pre-and post-survey included cybersecurity questions with demographic questions. The results show a significant difference in scores for overall cybersecurity self-efficacy before and after such training

Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT): a prospective multicentre observational study in 261 hospitals in Europe

Background Little is known about the incidence of severe critical events in children undergoing general anaesthesia in Europe. We aimed to identify the incidence, nature, and outcome of severe critical events in children undergoing anaesthesia, and the associated potential risk factors. Methods The APRICOT study was a prospective observational multicentre cohort study of children from birth to 15 years of age undergoing elective or urgent anaesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures. Children were eligible for inclusion during a 2-week period determined prospectively by each centre. There were 261 participating centres across 33 European countries. The primary endpoint was the occurence of perioperative severe critical events requiring immediate intervention. A severe critical event was defined as the occurrence of respiratory, cardiac, allergic, or neurological complications requiring immediate intervention and that led (or could have led) to major disability or death. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01878760. Findings Between April 1, 2014, and Jan 31, 2015, 31 127 anaesthetic procedures in 30 874 children with a mean age of 6.35 years (SD 4.50) were included. The incidence of perioperative severe critical events was 5.2% (95% CI 5.0-5.5) with an incidence of respiratory critical events of 3.1% (2.9-3.3). Cardiovascular instability occurred in 1.9% (1.7-2.1), with an immediate poor outcome in 5.4% (3.7-7.5) of these cases. The all-cause 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 10 in 10 000. This was independent of type of anaesthesia. Age (relative risk 0.88, 95% CI 0.86-0.90; p<0.0001), medical history, and physical condition (1.60, 1.40-1.82; p<0.0001) were the major risk factors for a serious critical event. Multivariate analysis revealed evidence for the beneficial effect of years of experience of the most senior anaesthesia team member (0.99, 0.981-0.997; p<0.0048 for respiratory critical events, and 0.98, 0.97-0.99; p=0.0039 for cardiovascular critical events), rather than the type of health institution or providers. Interpretation This study highlights a relatively high rate of severe critical events during the anaesthesia management of children for surgical or diagnostic procedures in Europe, and a large variability in the practice of paediatric anaesthesia. These findings are substantial enough to warrant attention from national, regional, and specialist societies to target education of anaesthesiologists and their teams and implement strategies for quality improvement in paediatric anaesthesia

Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT): a prospective multicentre observational study in 261 hospitals in Europe

Background Little is known about the incidence of severe critical events in children undergoing general anaesthesia in Europe. We aimed to identify the incidence, nature, and outcome of severe critical events in children undergoing anaesthesia, and the associated potential risk factors. Methods The APRICOT study was a prospective observational multicentre cohort study of children from birth to 15 years of age undergoing elective or urgent anaesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures. Children were eligible for inclusion during a 2-week period determined prospectively by each centre. There were 261 participating centres across 33 European countries. The primary endpoint was the occurence of perioperative severe critical events requiring immediate intervention. A severe critical event was defined as the occurrence of respiratory, cardiac, allergic, or neurological complications requiring immediate intervention and that led (or could have led) to major disability or death. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01878760. Findings Between April 1, 2014, and Jan 31, 2015, 31â127 anaesthetic procedures in 30â874 children with a mean age of 6·35 years (SD 4·50) were included. The incidence of perioperative severe critical events was 5·2% (95% CI 5·0â5·5) with an incidence of respiratory critical events of 3·1% (2·9â3·3). Cardiovascular instability occurred in 1·9% (1·7â2·1), with an immediate poor outcome in 5·4% (3·7â7·5) of these cases. The all-cause 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 10 in 10â000. This was independent of type of anaesthesia. Age (relative risk 0·88, 95% CI 0·86â0·90; p<0·0001), medical history, and physical condition (1·60, 1·40â1·82; p<0·0001) were the major risk factors for a serious critical event. Multivariate analysis revealed evidence for the beneficial effect of years of experience of the most senior anaesthesia team member (0·99, 0·981â0·997; p<0·0048 for respiratory critical events, and 0·98, 0·97â0·99; p=0·0039 for cardiovascular critical events), rather than the type of health institution or providers. Interpretation This study highlights a relatively high rate of severe critical events during the anaesthesia management of children for surgical or diagnostic procedures in Europe, and a large variability in the practice of paediatric anaesthesia. These findings are substantial enough to warrant attention from national, regional, and specialist societies to target education of anaesthesiologists and their teams and implement strategies for quality improvement in paediatric anaesthesia. Funding European Society of Anaesthesiology

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p &lt; 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease