Spatial pattern of occurrence of eleven epiphytic lichen species in a heterogeneous landscape

Oaks (Quercus robur) are an important substrate for many epiphytic lichens, and with increasing age the bark of oaks becomes suitable for red-listed species. These species may respond to environmental and landscape factors differently, and at different spatial scales. We tested the effect of tree, environmental and land use factors on the occurrence and richness patterns of lichens species at various spatial scales (circles with radius ranging from 28 to 1225 m), in a heterogeneous landscape in South Eastern Sweden. The occurrence patterns of Cliostomum corrugatum and Chaenotheca phaeocephala were best explained by the density of oaks within radii of 400 and 302 m, respectively. In contrast, Ramalina baltica was best explained at smaller scale (263 m) as was species richness (302 m). This study shows that the most important factor for the occurrence and richness patterns of lichens was oak density at almost all the considered scales. Tree circumference also positively affected all four response variables

Concepts identified using the MS Ontology in the competency questions.

<p>Figure shows the concepts (in grey boxes) retrieved in the competency questions (search strategy) annotated by the MS Ontology and linked to other MS Ontology concepts, indicating the PMID of the abstract from PubMed and the type of interaction described in such abstract. A) references linking brain atrophy and CNS repair with remyelination in MS; B) references linking Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) to antibody-mediated demyelination; and C) references linking fingolimod tested as a drug for treatment of relapsing-remitting MS in phase 3 clinical trials</p

The MS Ontology.

<p>A) Basic formal ontology integration of MS Ontology; B) Extracted views of the MS Ontology showing the hierarchy of the concepts; C) Source documents for each category used for creating the ontology.</p

Top 5-drug usage by patients with MS identified in the EMR.

<p>Top 5-drug usage by patients with MS identified in the EMR.</p

Comorbidities diagnosed in patients with MS identified in the EMR.

<p>Comorbidities diagnosed in patients with MS identified in the EMR.</p

Results of competency questions evaluation using MS Ontology compared to manual search on PubMed.

<p>Results are shown as the number of all retrieved documents and the “validated ones” based in manual review of the documents by the expert in order to ensure they were covering the topics of the competency questions. We define as the gold standard for calculating sensitivity, the expert search in PubMed using key words (related with AND) and the manual revision of the abstracts. In order to calculate ‘Sensitivity’ and ‘Specificity’ of MS Ontology based searches, true positives are defined as the number of ‘validated documents’ retrieved by a MS Ontology based search; false positive are the number of documents retrieved by MS Ontology based search but were not considered relevant in expert review and False negatives are the number of documents retrieved by ‘expert based searches’ in PubMed but were not retrieved by MS Ontology. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116718#pone.0116718.s001" target="_blank">S1 Methods</a> for details of the searches.</p><p>Results of competency questions evaluation using MS Ontology compared to manual search on PubMed.</p