Short-term changes in particulate fluxes measured by drifting sediment traps during end summer oligotrophic regime in the NW Mediterranean Sea

Short-term changes in the flux of particulate matter were determined in the central north western Mediterranean Sea (near DYFAMED site) using drifting sediment traps at 200 m depth in the course of the DYNAPROC 2 cruise (14 September–17 October 2004). In this period of marked water column stratification, POC fluxes varied by an order of magnitude, in the range of 0.03–0.29 mgC m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> over the month and showed very rapid and high variations. Particulate carbon export represented less than 5% of integrated primary production, suggesting that phytoplankton production was essentially sustained by internal recycling of organic matter and retained within the photic zone. While PON and POP fluxes paralleled one another, the elemental ratios POC/PON and POC/POP, varied widely over short-term periods. Values of these ratios generally higher than the conventional Redfield ratio, together with the very low chlorophyll a flux recorded in the traps (mean 0.017 μg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>), and the high phaeopigment and acyl lipid hydrolysis metabolite concentrations of the settling material, indicated that the organic matter reaching 200 m depth was reworked (by grazing, fecal pellets production, degradation) and that algal sinking, dominated by nano- and picoplankton, made a small contribution to the downward flux. Over time, the relative abundance of individual lipid classes in organic matter (OM) changed from glycolipids-dominated to neutral (wax esters, triacylglycerols) and phospholipids-dominated, suggesting ecosystem maturation as well as rapid and continual exchanges between dissolved, suspended and sinking pools. Our most striking result was documenting the rapid change in fluxes of the various measured parameters. In the situation encountered here, with dominant regenerated production, a decrease of fluxes was noticed during windy periods (possibly through reduction of grazing). But fluxes increased as soon as calm conditions settle

Periodic formation and propagation of double layers in the expanding chamber of an inductive discharge operating in Ar/SF₆ mixtures

It has previously been shown [Tuszewski et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.12, 396 (2003)] that inductive discharges in electronegative gases are subject to two types of instability: the sourceinstability related to the E to H transition and a transport instability, occurring downstream when an expanding chamber is present. These two types of instability are observed in our “helicon” reactor operated without a static magnetic field in low-pressure Ar∕SF6 mixtures. Temporally and spatially resolved measurements show that, in our experiment, the downstream instability is a periodic formation and propagation of a double layer. The double layer is born at the end of the source tube and propagates slowly to the end of the expansion region with a velocity of 150ms⁻¹

Distribution of lipid biomarkers and carbon isotope fractionation in contrasting trophic environments of the South East Pacific

The distribution of lipid biomarkers and their stable carbon isotope composition was investigated on suspended particles from different contrasting trophic environments at six sites in the South East Pacific. High algal biomass with diatom-related lipids (24-methylcholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol, C<sub>25</sub> HBI alkenes, C<sub>16:4</sub> FA, C<sub>20:5</sub> FA) was characteristic in the upwelling zone, whereas haptophyte lipids (long-chain (C<sub>37</sub>-C<sub>39</sub>) unsaturated ketones) were proportionally most abundant in the nutrient-poor settings of the centre of the South Pacific Gyre and on its easter edge. The dinoflagellate–sterol, 4α-23,24-trimethylcholest-22(<i>E</i>)-en-3β-ol, was a minor contributor in all of the studied area and the cyanobacteria-hydrocarbon, C<sub>17</sub><i>n</i>-alkane, was at maximum in the high nutrient low chlorophyll regime of the subequatorial waters near the Marquesas archipelago. <br><br> The taxonomic and spatial variability of the relationships between carbon photosynthetic fractionation and environmental conditions for four specific algal taxa (diatoms, haptophytes, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria) was also investigated. The carbon isotope fractionation factor (ε<sub>p</sub>) of the 24-methylcholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol diatom marker, varied over a range of 16% along the different trophic systems. In contrast, ε<sub>p</sub> of dinoflagellate, cyanobacteria and alkenone markers varied only by 7–10‰. The low fractionation factors and small variations between the different phytoplankton markers measured in the upwelling area likely reveals uniformly high specific growth rates within the four phytoplankton taxa, and/or that transport of inorganic carbon into phytoplankton cells may not only occur by diffusion but also by other carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCM). In contrast, in the oligotrophic zone, i.e. gyre and eastgyre, relatively high ε<sub>p</sub> values, especially for the diatom marker, indicate diffusive CO<sub>2</sub> uptake by the eukaryotic phytoplankton. At these nutrient-poor sites, the lower ε<sub>p</sub> values for haptophytes, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria indicate higher growth rates or major differences on the carbon uptake mechanisms compared to diatoms

Equilibrium model for two low-pressure electronegative plasmas connected by a double layer

Plihon et al. [J. Appl. Phys.98, 023306 (2005)] have recently shown that double layers usually form during the expansion of a low pressure electronegative plasma. These double layers act as permeable internal boundaries between the source (upstream) plasma and the downstream expanding plasma; positive ions flow from upstream to downstream whereas negative ions flow in the opposite direction. So far, the detailed physical mechanisms leading to their formation have not been identified. In this paper, we develop a model for the two plasma equilibria, upstream and downstream, assuming that the double layer exists and couples the two plasmas. At very low pressure, typically 0.5mTorr, the coupling is strong and acts both ways. The negative ions created downstream contributes to the upstream equilibrium as well as the upstream positive ions contribute to the downstream equilibrium. As the pressure increases, the situation becomes asymmetric. The sourceplasma is not affected by the negative ions flowing from downstream, whereas the positive ions coming from the source control the downstream plasma equilibrium, where local ionization is negligible.This work has been supported by the European Space Agency, under Ariadna Study Contract No. ACT-04-3101. One of the authors A.J.L. acknowledges the hospitality of the LPTP, where the collaboration was begun

Empowering open science with reflexive and spatialised indicators

Bibliometrics have become commonplace and widely used by authors and journals to monitor, to evaluate and to identify their readership in an ever-increasingly publishing scientific world. This contribution introduces a multi-method corpus analysis tool, specifically conceived for scientific corpuses with spatialised content. We propose a dedicated interactive application that integrates three strategies for building semantic networks, using keywords (self-declared themes), citations (areas of research using the papers) and full-texts (themes derived from the words used in writing). The networks can be studied with respect to their temporal evolution as well as to their spatial expressions, by considering the countries studied in the papers under inquiry. The tool is applied as a proof-of-concept on the papers published in the online open access geography journal Cybergeo since its creation in 1996. Finally, we compare the three methods and conclude that their complementarity can help go beyond simple statistics to better understand the epistemological evolution of a scientific community and the readership target of the journal. Our tool can be applied by any journal on its own corpus, fostering thus open science and reflexivity

Ecology and biogeochemistry of contrasting trophic environments in the South East Pacific by carbon isotope ratios on lipid biomarkers

International audienceThe distribution of lipid biomarkers and their carbon isotope composition was investigated on suspended particles from different contrasting trophic environments at six sites in the South East Pacific. High algal biomass with diatom-related lipids was characteristic in the upwelling zone, whereas haptophyte lipids were proportionally most abundant in the nutrient-poor settings of the centre of the South Pacific Gyre and on its easter edge. Dinoflagellate–sterols were minor contributors in all of the studied area and cyanobacteria-hydrocarbons were at maximum in the high nutrient low chlorophyll regime of the subequatorial waters at near the Marquesas archipelago. The taxonomic and spatial variability of the relationships between carbon photosynthetic fractionation and environmental conditions for four specific algal taxa (diatoms, haptophytes, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria) was also investigated. The carbon isotope fractionation factor (ep) of the diatom marker varied over a range of 16‰ along the different trophic systems. In contrast, ep of dinoflagellate, cyanobacteria and alkenone markers varied only by 7–10‰. The low fractionation factors and small variations between the different phytoplankton markers measured in the upwelling area likely reveals uniformly high specific growth rates within the four phytoplankton taxa, and/or that transport of inorganic carbon into phytoplankton cells may not only occur by diffusion but by other carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCM). In contrast, in the oligotrophic zone, i.e. gyre and eastgyre, relatively high ep values, especially for the diatom marker, indicate diffusive CO2 uptake by the eukaryotic phytoplankton. At these nutrient-poor sites, the lowest ep values for haptophytes, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria infer higher growth rates compared to diatoms

Drug related problems and pharmacist interventions in a geriatric unit employing electronic prescribing

Background Computerised physician order entry (CPOE) and the integration of a pharmacist in clinical wards have been shown to prevent drug related problems (DRPs). Objectives The primary objective was to make an inventory of the DRPs and resident pharmacist on-ward interventions (PIs) identified in a geriatric acute care unit using CPOE system. The secondary objective was to evaluate the physicians\u27 acceptance of the proposed interventions. Setting A 26-bed geriatric ward of a 1,300-bed teaching hospital. Method A 6-month descriptive study with prescription analysis and recommendations to physicians by a resident pharmacist during five half days a week. Main outcome measures Patients\u27 characteristics, number of prescribed drugs per patient, nature and frequency of DRPs and PIs, physicians\u27 acceptance and drugs questioned. Results Resident pharmacist reviewed 311 patients and identified 241 DRPs. One hundred and fifty-two patients (49 %) had at least one DRP (mean +/- A SD age 87 +/- A 6 years, mean +/- A SD number of prescribed drugs 10.7 +/- A 3.4). Most frequent DRPs were: untreated indication (n = 58, 24.1 %), dose too high (n = 46, 19.1 %), improper administration (n = 31, 12.9 %) and drug interactions (n = 23, 9.5 %). The rate of physicians\u27 acceptance was 90.0 % (7.5 % refusals, 2.5 % not assessable). DRPs related to CPOE system misuse (n = 35, 14.5 %) appeared as a worrying phenomenon (e.g., errors in selecting dosage or unit, or duplication of therapy). Conclusion A resident pharmacist detected various DRPs. Most PIs were accepted. DRPs related to the misuse of the CPOE system appeared potentially dangerous and need particular attention by healthcare professionals. The description of the DRPs is an essential step for implementation of targeted clinical pharmacy services in order to optimize pharmacists\u27 job time